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VN 125 Clinicals > Pharmacology review > Flashcards

Pharmacology review Flashcards

1
Q

Acetylcysteine (Mucomyst)

A

antedote for poisoning [hepatotoxic OD] with acetaminophen (PO w/I 24 hrs)
Prevents or lessens liver damage
Dilute in fruit juice or other beverage
Will make nasal and bronchial secretions watery and facilitate coughing

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2
Q

antiemics

Hormones

A

Darepoetin

epoetin

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3
Q

antiemics

Iron Supplements

A

Ferros fumarate, gluconate, sulfate, iron dextran, iron polysaccharide, iron sucrose, sodium ferric gluconate complex
w/OJ, not milk, tarry stools, constipation, stains teeth.

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4
Q

antianginals

Nitrates

A

Prevent and treat attacks
Dilate coronary arteries, cause systemic vasodilation
End in –ate except nitroglycerin
Many forms, including sublingual

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5
Q

antianginals

Calcium Channel Blockers

A

prophylactic
Dilate coronary arteries, some also slow HR
End in –ine; except diltiazem and verapamil

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6
Q

antianginals

Beta Blockers-

A

prophylactic
Decrease myocardial oxygen consumption via decrease in heart rate
End in -olol

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7
Q

Benzodiazepenes

anti-anxiety

A 
End in –am
Alprazolam (Xanax)
Diazepam (Valium)
Lorazepam (Ativan)
Midazolam (versed)
Depress CNS
Daytime drowsiness/ alcohol potentiates
Tolerance/potential for physical dependence
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8
Q

antiarrhythmics

A 
Advise to take pulse before and hold for pulse <50
Don’t crush, open, break or chew
Lidocaine	Amiodorone
Fosphenytoin	Diltiazem
Phenytoin	Verampamil
Propafenone	Atropine
Esmolol	Digoxin
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9
Q

bronchodilators - acute

A

albuterol
epi
levalbuteral (Xopenex)

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10
Q

bronchodilaters - chronic

A 
Metaproterenol [Alupent]
Pirbuterol [Maxair]
Salmeterol (long)
Terbutaline [po, SC, IV] 
Theophylline
Formoterol (long)
Aminophylline [po/IV]
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11
Q

how to use bronchodilators

A

Always use bronchodilator FIRST and allow 5 minutes before other medications

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12
Q

antiasthmatics - corticosteroids

A 
Beclomethasone (Qvar)
Betamethasone (Celestone)
Budesonide (Pulmicort)
Cortisone
Dexamethasone
Flunisolide (Aerobid)
Fluticasone (Flovent)
Hydrocortisone
Methylprednisolone
Mometasone
Prednisolone
Prednisone
Triamcinolone
ALL DECREASE INFLAMMATION
PROPHYLACTIC- NOT FOR ACUTE ATTACKS
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13
Q

anticholinergics - action, outcomes

A

dry things up.
May give prior to intubation
^ HR, Decrease N/V, Dry mouth, Dilation pupils, Decrease GI motility, Resolution of signs of Parkinson’s

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14
Q

Atropine-anticholinergics

A

Bradyrythmias- given for slow heart rate, will ^ HR.

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15
Q

Ipratropium- anticholinergics

A

Bronchospasm (inhalation) and rhinorrhea (nasal)

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16
Q

Scopolomine - anticholinergics

A

apply patch at least 4 hours before travel. PO 30 min before meal.

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17
Q

Heparin

A

Monitor aPTT with full-dose heparin therapy and HCT and other clotting factors through treatment
Overdose antidote is protamine sulfate
Enoxaprin (lovenox)- SC
- low molecular weight

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18
Q

Coumadins

A

Warfarin
Monitor PT/ INR- 2-3
Antidote for overdose is Vitamin K

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19
Q

warfarin - diet

A

Review foods high in Vitamin K with pts. On warfarin. Consistent intake is necessary- fluctuation will cause fluctuation in PT and dose adjustment necessary.

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20
Q

Miglitol - antidiabetic

A

delays digestion of ingested carbs, thus lowering blood glucose and may be combined with sulfonylureas.

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21
Q

Sulfonylureas, nateglinide, repaglinide, and metformin - antidiabetics

A

lower blood glucose by stimulating endogenous insulin secretion by beta cells of pancreas and increasing sensitivity to insulin at receptor sites

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22
Q

Pioglitizone and rosiglitazone - antidiabetics

A

increase insulin sensitivity

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23
Q

ace inhibitors - anti hypertensives

teaching

A 
Teach how to take BP
Change position slowly
Watch OTC cold meds
Not advised during pregnancy
Take even when not feeling well to avoid rebound hypertension
Always tell MD if side effects > outcome
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24
Q

ace inhibitors do what

A

convert angiotension 1 to angiotension 2. it is an antihypertension

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25
Q

beta blockers do what

A

help lower bp, lower pule rate and lower cardiac output

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26
Q

benzodiazepines are used for what

A

anticonvulsants and anitanxiet

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27
Q

nursing interventions for working with beta blockers

A

monitor lab values (protein, BUN, creatinine), monitor bp, heart rate and rhytm and monitor for signs of edema

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28
Q

nursing interventions for anti-infectives

A

obtain a history of allergies, monitor i and o. monitor v/s, monitor for s/s of nephrotoxicity and monitor for s/s of ototoxictiy

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29
Q

nursing interventions for ace inhibirtors

A

monitor v/s, monitor wbc count, monitor electrolyte count

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30
Q

nursing interventions for benzodiazepines

A

monitor respirations, monitor liver and kidney function. monitor bone marrow function and monitor for signs of chemical abuse

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31
Q

phenothiazines are for what

A

antiemetics or neuroleptics. used to tx in clients with schizophrenia

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32
Q

glucocorticoids used to treat what

A

conditions requiring suppression of the immune system and in addisons disease. they have anti inflammatory anti-allergenic and anti stress effects. used for replacement therapy for adrenal insufficiency . also to reduce cerebral edema associated with head trauma, neurosurgery and brain tumors

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33
Q

antivirals

A

used to treat herpes, chicken pox,shingles, herpes simplex, cytomegalovirus (cmv), respirator syncytical virus (rsv)

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34
Q

nursing interventions for antivirals

A

tell client to report a rash, watch for signs of infection, monitor creatinine level, monitor liver profile, monitor bowel pattern before and during tx

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35
Q

cholesterol lowering agents

A

help lower cholesterol and triglyceride levels and decrease potential for heart disease

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36
Q

interventions for cholesterol lowering agents

A

a deit low in cholesterol and fat, monitor cholesterol, monitor liver and renal, tell client to report visual changes, and monitor for muscle weakenss and pain

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37
Q

angiotensin receptor blockers

A

block vasoconstrictor and aldosterone-secreting angiotension 2. used to treat primary or secondary hypertension. these drugs lower bp and increase cardiac output

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38
Q

nursing interventions for angiotensin receptor blockers

A

monitor bp and pulse, monitor bun, monitor creatinine and electrolyte, tell client to report edema in feet and legs daily and monitor hydration status

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39
Q

cox 2 enzyme blockers

A

used to tx osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. this drug category considered to be nsaid

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40
Q

nursing interventions for cox 2 enzymes

A

tell client to report changes in bowel habits thatt indicate gi bleeding, monitor platelet count and tell client to report easy bruisin

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41
Q

histamine 2 antagonists

A

used to tx gerd, acid reflux and gastric ulcers. they inhibit histamine 2 release in gastric parietal cells therefore inhibit gastric acids

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42
Q

nursing interventions for histamine 2 antagonists

A

monitor bun, administer wit meals, if taking med with antacids, take antacids 1 hour before or after taking drugs. cimietidine may be prescribed in one large dose at bedtime. sucralfate decreases the effects of histamine 2 receptor blockers

43
Q

proton pump inhibitors

A

suppress gastric secretion by inhibit the hydrogen/potassium ATPase enzyme system. they are used in tx of gastric ulcers, indigestion and gerd

44
Q

interventions for proton pump inhibitors

A

do NOT crush pantoprazole (protonix) use a filter when administering IV pantoprazole. may take before meals for best absorption and monitor liver function

45
Q

anticoagulants

A

used in tx of thrombolytic disease. used to tx pulmonary emboli, myocardial infarction, dvt, after coronary bypass surgery

46
Q

nursing intervention for anticoagulants

A

blood studies (hematocrit and occult blood in stool should be checked every 3 months) monitor ptt (therapeutic levels are 1.5-2 times the control) monitor platelet count, monitor for s/s of bleeding monitor for signs of infection

47
Q

HERBAL. feverfew

A

used to tx migraines, arthritis and fever. should not be taken wit coumadin, aspirin, nsaids, thrombolytics or anitplatet meds b/c it will prolong bleeding time

48
Q

HERBAL. ginseng

A

used as an anti-inflammatory. it has estrogen effects, enhances immune system and physical abilities. this herbal decreases anticoagulants and nsaids. should not be taken wit clients who are taken corticosteriods

49
Q

HERBAL. gingko

A

used to improve memory and depression. improves peripheral circulation, should not be taken with MAO inhibitors, anticoagulants or anti-platelets

50
Q

HERBAL. echinacea

A

used to tx colds, fever and utis. may interfere with immmunosuppressive agents, methotrexate and ketoconizole

51
Q

HERBAL. kave-kava

A

tx insomnia and mild muscle aches and pains. increases effects of cns suppressants and decreases effects of levodopa. can increase effect of maoi

52
Q

HERBAL. st johns wort

A

to tx mild to moderate depresssion. increases adverses cns effects when used with etoh or antidepressant medications

53
Q

HERBAL. ma huang

A

used to tx asthma and hay fever, for wt loss and to increase energy levels. may increase effect of maois, sympathomimetic, theophyllline and cardiac glycosides

54
Q

pregnancy category. category a

A

no risk to fetus

55
Q

pregnancy category category b

A

insufficient data to use in pregnancy

56
Q

pregnancy category. category c

A

benefits of med could outweigh the risks

57
Q

pregnancy category. category d

A

risk to fetus exist, but the benefits of the med could outweigh the probable risks

58
Q

pregnancy category. category x

A

avoid use in pregnancy or those who may become pregnant. potential risks to fetus outweigh the potential benefits

59
Q

OD

A

Right eye

60
Q

OS

A

Left eye

61
Q

OU

A

Both eyes

62
Q

Injection into the fatty layer under the skin. Sites include upper abdomen, upper thigh, or lateral upper arm. Amounts are usually 0.5-1.5 Medication is to be absorbed slowly with prolonged effect.

A

Subcutaneous

63
Q

Good for poorly soluble drugs, irritating drugs, provides systemic effect

A

Intramuscular

64
Q

Provides rapid onset. Gives option of larger fluid volume therefore diluting irritating drugs, Amounts are usually over 5 ml

A

Intravenous

65
Q

Patient should lie on left side for insertion and water-soluble lubricant should be used.

A

suppositories

66
Q

Suspension of fat globules in water

A

emulsion

67
Q

Drugs dissolved in alcohol

A

tincture

68
Q

Drug coated with substance that delays release of drug until it reaches the intestine (should not be crushed)

A

enteric coated

69
Q

Reactive site on the surface or inside of a cell.

A

Receptor

70
Q

The length of time the body takes to reduce the plasma level of a drug to 50% of its peak value. Duration of action for most drugs.

A

Half-life

71
Q

Drugs that bind to a receptor and cause effects that mimic normal cell activities.

A

Agonists

72
Q

Drugs that bind to a receptor and inhibit normal cell activities

A

Antagonists

73
Q

Enzymatic alteration of drug structure, also known as biotransformation

A

Metabolism

74
Q

Sympathetic NS mimics the “fight or flight” response selectively stimulating alpha & beta adrenergic receptors Includes vasoconstrictors (Norepinephrine) & Inotropes (Dopamine & Dobutrex)Increase HR and B/P

A

Adrenergic

75
Q

Dopamine involvement in CNS regulation, having a major effect on the akinesia of Parkinson’s (Sinemet & Levodopa)

A

Dopaminergic

76
Q

Drugs that stimulate the PSNS by mimicking ACh. Promote muscle contraction & bladder emptying treating urinary retention. Side effects: abdominal cramps, salivation, N/V & diarrhea

A

Cholinergic drugs

77
Q

Drugs that block or impede the activity of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) at cholinergic receptors in the brain. Relax smooth muscles

A

Anticholinergic drugs

78
Q

Antibiotic: broad spectrum, gram +, first choice for meningitis, syphillis

A

Penicillin’s

79
Q

Chemically very similar to Penicillin. If have allergic reaction to Penicillin can also have a reaction to this

A

Cephalosporin’s

80
Q

Used to treat MRSA, adverse reaction includes ototoxicity, administer slowly, poorly absorbed orally

A

Vancomycin

81
Q

Used to treat GI infections, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. Take on empty stomach, no milk products. Decrease the effectiveness of oral contraceptives.

A

Tetracycline

82
Q

Dilation of arteries and veins. Treat dopamine infiltration sites. Side effect: orthostatic hypotension. A-blocker

A

Regitine

83
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Alpha

84
Q

Muscle activity

A

Beta

85
Q

Mycoardium, increased HR, increased contraction

A

B1

86
Q

Bronchial & Vascular smooth muscles: Bronchial relaxation and arterial dilation to skeletal muscles

A

B2

87
Q

The main clinical usage of calcium channel blockers

A

Decrease blood pressure

88
Q

Calcium channel blockers work by

A

blocking voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) in muscle cells of the heart and blood vessels. When Ca+ decreases, Blood pressure decreases

89
Q

Reduce arterial pressure by preventing generation of angiotensin II from angiotensin I

A

Ace Inhibitors

90
Q

Cause decrease in B/P and increased renal perfusion. A persistent dry cough is a relatively common adverse effect.

A

Ace Inhibitors

91
Q

End in pril, captopril, enalapril, lisinopril

A

Ace Inhibitors

92
Q

End in olol, propanolol, labetalol. Decrease heart rate and force of contraction.

A

Beta adrenergic antagonist-Beta blockers

93
Q

A common mnemonic used to describe the physiologic manifestations of atropine overdose is

A

“hot as a hare, blind as a bat, dry as a bone, red as a beet, and mad as a hatter”.

94
Q

Reverse cholinergic (parasympathetic) effects. Blocks ACh at receptor sites in smooth muscles, secretory glands, SA & AV nodes & cardiac muscle Ex: Scopolamine-motion sickness, Atropine- treatment for bradycardia

A

Anticholinergics

95
Q

CNS neurotransmitter, Action: Inhibits excitatory signals produced by ACh. Decrease levels cause tremors (pill rolling) rigidity, bradykinesia, akinesia

A

Dopamine

96
Q

Extensive deterioration of neurons at basal ganglia.

A

Parkinson’s Disease

97
Q

Major effects of Opioids

A

Decreased level of consciousness, respiratory depression, orthostatic hypotension, decreased muscle tone, urinary retention

98
Q

Opioid antagonist: Drug used to counter the effects of opioid overdose ex. heroin or morphine overdose

A

Narcan

99
Q

Produce maximal response (schedule II drugs)Ex: codeine, morphine, demerol, oxycodone

A

Opioid agonist

100
Q

Supress gastric acid secretion by irreversibly binding with proton pump system that controls hydrogen ion secretion. Use on high risk patients ex: Prevacid, Prilosec

A

Proton Pump Inhibitors

101
Q

Used for Asthma, COPD, Anti-inflammatory effect-reduced mucus secretion in respiratory conditions

A

Corticosteroids

102
Q

Side effects of Corticosteroids

A

Mask infections, hyperglycemia, slow wound healing

103
Q

Side effects of Beta Agonists

A

Tachycardia, headache, angina, muscle tremors

104
Q

Relieve bronchoconstriction, open airway ex: alupent, serevent proventil (inhalers)

A

Beta Agonists

VN 125 Clinicals (2 decks)

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