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pharmacology principles Flashcards

1
Q

the ideal drug

A

effective, safe, selective, provided max benefit with minimal harm, reversible, predictable, easy to administer, free from drug interaction, low cost, chemically stable, with simple generic name

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2
Q

what do drugs do

A

modify existing functions within the body

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3
Q

determination of drug reponse

A

how drugs interact with in the body

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4
Q

solubility

A

how well an amount of a given substance will dissolve in liquid
for a drug, needs to be lipophilic to dissolve in stomach/gi tract

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5
Q

ionization

A

process where a molecule is given an electrical charge
effects how easily a drug can go through cell membranes and bind to receptors

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6
Q

affinity

A

the attraction of a drug to the receptor

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7
Q

high affinity

A

drug molecules bind to receptors at low drug concentrations

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8
Q

low affinity

A

drug molecules bind to receptors at higher drug concentrations

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9
Q

no affinity

A

no drug molecules bind to receptors

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10
Q

how do molecules cross cel membranes

A

passing between molecules through spaces/ channels
with help of transport system
pentrate membran directly

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11
Q

P-glycoprotein

A

moves drugs out of cells and into the liver for bile elimination, kidneys for urine excretion, , placenta for back int maternal blood, into blood to limit brain access

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12
Q

how do most drugs go through membranes

A

penetrating directly, they are too big to go through channels and lack transport systems

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13
Q

absorption

A

movement of a drug from its site of administration into the blood

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14
Q

rate of absorption

A

how soon effects will begin

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15
Q

amount of absorption

A

how intense the effect will be

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16
Q

where are po med absorbed

A

the small intestine because of its large surface area

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17
Q

bioavailability

A

the fraction of a drug that is absorbed into the circulation post administration

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18
Q

bioavailability scale

A

1- all of given drug is available in blood stream (like with IV)
0- none is available

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19
Q

what can effect absorption

A

solubility, surface area, ionization, blood flow, gi motility, drug/drug/food interaction

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20
Q

how can gi motility effect absorption

A

if it is too fast, absorption may be lower as it does not spend enough time in the small intestine

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21
Q

Distribution

A

movement of a drug through blood stream, into tissues and eventually into cells

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22
Q

what does distribution depend on

A

blood flow to tissue
drug ability to leave blood
drug ability to enter cells

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23
Q

how can blood flow affect ditribution

A

impeded by areas with low regional blood flow, like tumors, abscesses, or scar tissue

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24
Q

how can protein affect distribution

A

slows distribution, will stay in body longer with more protein

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25
protein binding
drugs binding to protein, making them unable to pass through capillary walls
26
low protein on distribution
if someone has low protein in their body/is malnourished, they may become toxic as the active drug will be in their system more ex. liver failure
27
high protein binding
lots of binding to drugs
28
blood brain barrier impeding distribution
protects brain, only lipi soluble and transport system drugs can pass tight junction not fully developed at birth- higher sensitivity to CNS drugs
28
low protein bound
little binding to drugs
29
placenta membrane in distribution
lipid soluble, nonionized compounds easily pass meds affecting pregnant person will also effect fetus
30
Metabolism
biotransformation, conversion of drug from one substance to another
31
typical metabolism changes
lipophilic to hydrophilic, active to inactive
32
where does metabolism primarily occur
mainly liver, also GI, kidney, lungs, brain ,skin
33
metabolite
typically toxic product of metabolism
34
prodrugs
drugs converted by metabolism from inactive to active from hit liver, activate, enter blood stream
35
first pass effect
liver metabolizes drug and it then returns to systemic circulation, decreasing the mout of drug acting on intended site little to no efffect until they take it again
36
what can effect drug metabolism
babies/elderly woth lower metabolism, drug competition, enzymes, prgnancy, liver disease, nutritional status
37
P-450 system
liver metabolising via cytochrom system liver enzymes
38
CYP3A4
common enzyme responsible for metabolsim of most drugs
39
drug substrates
drugs metabolized by a CYP enzyme
40
drug enzymer inhibitors
inhibit action of CYP isoenzymes, whic hcan cause toxic drug levels
41
enzyme inducers
accelerate metabolism of specfic isoenzyme cause rapid drug level decreases
42
excretion
removal of drug from the body
43
typical route of excretion
urine, also bile, expired air, breast milk, sweat, saliva
44
bile excretion
bile circulated back to the liver may stay in system and increase 1/2 life and duration of drug
45
what can effect excretion
renal function, ph-dependent ionization, ege
46
Absrption in the elderly
intestinal motility, gastric production, intestinal blood flow, number of absorption sites decrease gastric ph increases
47
distribution in the elderly
percent body water, lead body tissue, protein binding sites, serum albumin decrease percent fat tissue, amount of free drug, drug toxicity increase
48
elderly metabolism
liver mass/function, hepatic blood flow, first pass effect increase
49
elderly excretion
renal function, glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow, tubular secretion, creatine clearance decrease
50
pediatric absorption
In prematrue infants: increased gastric pH, slower gastric emptying, increased permeability of gastric mucosa may not be a throughouly absorbed
51
pediatric distribution
higher percent of body water in newborns, requires higher amounts of drug
52
pediatric metabolism
decreased liver metabolism in newborns, exceeds adults in around 4 yrs old, decreases in adolscence, adult level reached by late puberty
53
pediatric excretion
renal elimination decreased in newborns, adulte rate by 2 years ol
54
pediatric plasma protein bonding
decreased plasma protein binding, so increased sensitivity to protein bound drugs
55
pediatric drug doses
dosed by body weight or age, adjusted based on drug levels, increased loading dose, lower maintenance dose
56
renal diseases and drugs
increased creatine levels- decreased absorption because of nausea/vomiting decreased absorption from GI tract edema decreased protein binding increased total body water- decreased tissue binding decreased liver metabolism,- metabolites accumulate because less excretion, lower doses Lower absorption, but what is absorbed can cause toxicity because of lower protein binding, and less excretion
57
Hepatic disease and drugs
decreased metabolism, causes increased drug levels lower albumin production, causes increased free drug lower liver blood flow, decreased drug clearance increased interstitial fluid, increased volume of distribution easier chances of toxicity because drug remain in body, will not get inactivated by liver
58
Pregnancy and drugs
most drugs will easily pass into the placenta, renal blood flow increases, will excrete drugs faster, decreased gstric motility- more absorption
59
pharmacodynamics
action of a particular drug within the body and the study of how the actions occr
60
drug action
interaction between drug and cellular components
61
drug effect
persons response to drugs action
62
Drug-receptor interactions
drug attach to receptors, are able to stimulate or block that receptor
63
Agonists
drugs molecules attach to a receptor and stimulate cell to act function promoting
64
partial agonists
allows half of what a cell can doll
65
full agonists
100% response effect of cell
66
Antagonists
blockers- attach to receptor and prevent attachment and effect
67
competitive drugs
drug with highest affinity will attach first
68
Duration
length of stay in therapeutic range
69
Half-life
the amount of time it takes to remove 50% of the blood concentration of a drug determines dosing
70
steady state or plateu
when amount eliminated and amount being administered are equal this is when pharmacotheraputic response is measured
71
How long does it take ro reach steady-state
around 4-5 half lives, an increase in dose will not make it happen faster
72
maintenance dose
daily dose
73
loading dose
larger dose for quicker therapeutic effect
74
blood concentration
determines if dose is in correct range, clsoely monitored
75
potency
amount of drug needed to produce a particular response
76
efficacy
how well a drug produces desired effect
77
adverse response
any unexpected or unintended response to a drug
78
side effect
unavoidable secondary drug effect produced at therapeutic doses
79
predictable adverse responses
side effects, toxic effects, cumulative effects
80
cumulatiev effects
rate of administration exceeding rate of biotransformation or elimination
81
unpredictable responses
idiosyncratic, iatrogenic, allergic, anaphylactic
82
drug-drug interactions
change in response of one drug in resposne to presscence of another drug
83
additve drug effects
1(drug 1) +1(drug 2)= 2
84
synergistt drug effect
1 (drug1) +1(drug 2)= 3
85
potentiation drug interaction
1/2 (drug1) + 1(drug2)= 2
86
antagonsim drug interaction
1(drug1) + 1(drug2)=0
87
grape fruit
can inhibit metabolism of certain drugs

Pharm (6 decks)

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