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Reproduction & Lactation > Pharmacology of the Reproductive Tract 1 > Flashcards

Pharmacology of the Reproductive Tract 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main drugs used to control female reproduction cycles?

A
  • Gonadotrophins/Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH)
  • Prostaglandin F2a
  • Progestins
  • Other: Progesterone receptor antagonist, anti-prolactins
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2
Q

Is it necessary or women of reproductive age to take care handling drugs that control repro cycles?

A

Women of reproductive age should take care in handling GnRH, prostaglandin F2a, and progesterone receptors antagonists (progestins may be a risk) as they are all very lipophilic and can penetrate the skin, with long withholding periods

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3
Q

How many times a year would a bitch cycle?

A

twice per yeah with an inter-oestrus interval (anoestrus) of at least 4 months

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4
Q

What are some reasons we may want to use drugs in reproductive scenarios in the bitch?

A
  • Induction of oestrus and/or ovulation: Postpone oestrus or suppress oestrus (requires contraception)
  • Terminating pregnancy (requires contraception)
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5
Q

Draw out the bitch hormonal reproduction pathway. Are there any special features in the bitch?

A

The hypothalamus -> GnRH -> Pituitary -> produces FSH and LH.

FSH is important for the development of the ovarian follicles -> oestrogen rises and stimulates LH -> that LH on a mature follicle causes ovulation -> formation of CL (everytime she has a cycle)

How is the bitch different to other species?
- In the formation of the CL (produces P4)
- Long P4 phase
- Prolactin maintains the CL (luteotophic) ** important
- Unlike other domestic species, there is no production of prostaglandin F2a from endometrium to cause luteolysis

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6
Q

The bitch is unique as prolactin maintains the corpus luteum (luteotrophic). What factors can change this process? (ie. what can we do to get rid of the CL?)

A

Inhibition of prolactin is luteolytic
 Dopamine is also known as prolactin inhibitory hormone
 Dopamine D2 receptor agonists and serotonin receptor antagonists inhibit prolactin secretion

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7
Q

The bitch has a long P4 phase which can cause problem sometimes. What is this problem?

A

Long P4 phase leads to cyctic endometrial hyperplasia which will result in pyometra

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8
Q

What is a false pregnancy in the bitch and do you have to do anything about it?

A

It is when the bitch isnt prenant but goes into metoestrus/dioestrus, generally dont have to do anything about it

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9
Q

If the false pregancy is severe, what drug would you give? What effect does this have on her cycle?

A

Antiprolactins
- Dopamine receptor agonists (cabergoline, bromocriptine)
- After antiprolactin treatment, the bitch will go into anestrus or prooestrus

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10
Q

Why would you use antiprolactins with PGF2a?

A

To synchonise pigs

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11
Q

In what instance would gonadotropins be used in the bitch? What are they?

A

To mimic FSH and LH
o Equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) has mainly FSH activity
 Also called pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG)
 Also porcine FSH formulation
 Injection of eCG (folligon = FSH, LH + oestradiol analogue) causes induction of oestrus
 Possible side effects include immune mediated and anaphylactic reactions
o Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) has mainly LH activity
 Collected from urine of pregnant women
 Chorulon by intramuscular injection on the first day of oestrus induces ovulation in the bitch

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12
Q

What would gonadotropin-releasing hormone be used for in the bitch?

A

Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) e.g. gonadorelin or deslorelin
o GnRH is released in pulses from hypothalamus, both gonadotrophins (LH and FSH) and gonadal steroids regulate GnRH production in a negative feedback manner
o Two principal uses
 Stimulate ova development and ovulation e.g. injection of GnRH causes maturation and ovulation in horses
 Implants: Long term suppression of FSH/LH leading to medical castration

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13
Q

What would you give to induce ovulation in the bitch during oestrus?

A

hCG by IM on the first day of oestrus

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14
Q

What is the issue with using a GnRH implant?

A
  • You get a build up of GnRH
  • Due to neg feedback, you lose the receptors on the pituitary
  • So GnRH cant lock onto any receptor to secrete the FSH and LH
  • When used in a patient, it is actually a contraceptive. BUT ovulation may be induced in the short time after implantation so you have to be careful.
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15
Q

How would you induce oestrus in the bitch? Are there any side effects of inducing oestrus with this drug?

A
  • Injections of ECG (Folligon = FSH, LH + oestradiol analouge)
  • Side effects: possible immune mediated/anaphylactic reactions
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16
Q

What drugs would you use to suppress or postpone oestrus?

A

Progesterone alalogues - progestins
- Proligesterone (covinan) - drug of choice for an unexpected oestrus NOTE that it is not advised for the first oestrus
- Implant called levonorgetrel (norplant) - note will get a surge and possible ovulation shortly after implantation.
- Megastrol acetate (ovarid) tablets
- Medroxyprogeterone acetate (MPA) - long acting injection

17
Q

How do progestins work? Draw out the reproduction pathway and highlight where progestins impact the pathway.

A

Neg feedback on the pituitary. Stops the stimulation of LH and FSH which in turn cuts out all activity beneath it in the pathway

18
Q

Are progestins more or less reliable when administered in anoestrus?

A

More reliable, they are less reliable if administered in pro-oestrus

19
Q

What are some adverse effects associated with repeated administation of progestins in the bitch?

A
  • Cyctic endometrial hyperplasia -> pyometra
  • mammary hyperplasia
  • progestins are GCS like -> they are not a long term solution. Can lead to hyperadrenocorticism, secondary DM, acromegaly.
20
Q

What drug would be used for sychronisation, suppression, postponement of oestrus in livestock?

A
  • Progestins
  • GnRH agonist (deslorelin) - implant
21
Q

What drug can be used for pregnancy termination (abortifacients) in the bitch and queen? Are there any side effects associated with this medicaiton?

A
  • Anti-progestin – aglepristone -> Alizin Anti-progesterone injection
  • Also known as anti-progestin
  • Induces abortion 0-45 days after mating
  • 2 SC injections given 24h apart
  • Caution to women handling drug -> equivalent to the morning after pill
  • Side effects: more likely when used 25-40d, foetal expulsion, vaginal discharge, anorexia and mammary congestion
22
Q

What is PGF2A used for in horses and livestock species?

A
  • For break down of the corpus luteum (i.e. luteolysis)
  • Corpus luteum must be > 5 days old to break down under the influence of PGF2 α
  • Used in horses, livestock species (not used in pigs)
  • Used alone or in combination with progestogens for the synchronisation of oestrus in groups / herds of female animals
23
Q

Are there any side effects associated with administation of PGF2A?

A
  • Results in contraction in smooth muscle
  • Dinoprost may result in lowered body temperature, increased heart and respiratory rates, sweating, muscle cramping, colic, ataxia, and weakness.
  • Signs are seen within 15 min and usually subside within 1 hr
  • Synthetic preparations e.g. cloprostenol have fewer adverse effects
24
Q

Oestrus behaviour may be undesirable in some performance mares. How would you postpone oestrus in the mare?

A
  • Administer progestogens: either progesteronein oil or altrenogest.
25
Q

Suggest 3 method of oestrus synchronisation in cows.

A
  • Method 1: Controlled internal drug release (CIDR) of progesterone inserted into vagina for 7 days, injection of PGF2α on day 6, withdrawal of CIDR on day 7, return to oestrus within 3 days after withdrawal
  • Method 2: Two dose prostaglandin (PGF2α) treatment: two prostaglandin injections given 12 – 14 days apart to all cows – cows will return to oestrus within 3 days of last injection
  • Method 3: GNRH/prostaglandin injections, GNRH injection day 0, PGF2α injection alpha day 7, GNRH injection day 9, Cows should be inseminated 0 – 20 hrs after second GNRH treatment
26
Q

What are some of the reproductive problems in the male dog?

A
  • Benign prostatic hyperplasia
  • Prostatitis
  • Excessive libido
  • Aggression
27
Q

How can benign prostatic hyperplasia be treated?

A
  • Surgery - castration
  • Can use a GnRH implant (decreases testosterone)
  • Can also use anti-androgens or delmadinone acetate
28
Q

What drug reduces a male dogs libido?

A
  • Deslorelin implant
  • finasteride
29
Q

Are there any drugs that can be used to deal with aggression in male dogs?

A
  • Progestins (decrease testosterone): MPA, megastrol acetate, TCAs, SSRIs

Reproduction & Lactation (15 decks)

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