Pharmacology of the Autacoids and Eicosanoids

Question 1

Local hormones produce in tissues rather than in glands

Answer 1

Autacoids

Question 2

Autacoids are ___ , which originates from ___ and produce intense biological activities near their site of synthesis or release

Answer 2

locally acting hormone like substance; different tissues

Question 3

Classification of Autacoids (3)

Answer 3

1. Amine autacoids
2. Peptide autacoids
3. Eicosanoids

Question 4

Biogenic amines (5)

Answer 4

1. Histamine
2. Serotonin
3. Dopamine
4. Epinephrine (adrenaline)
5. Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

Question 5

Polypeptides (5)

Answer 5

1. Angiotensin
2. Kinins-bradykinin & Kallikidin
3. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
4. Substance P
5. Slowly reacting substances of anaphylaxis

Question 6

Eicosanoids (4)

Answer 6

1. Leukotrienes
2. Thromboxane
3. Prostaglandins
4. Platelet Activating Factors

Question 7

Biogenic substances with one or more amine groups

Answer 7

Biogenic amine (Amine groups)

Question 8

Biogenic amines are ___ formed mainly by ___ or by ___ of aldehydes and ketones

Answer 8

basic nitrogenous compounds; decarboxylation (breakdown) of amino acid; amination and transamination

Question 9

Function:

Biogenic amines ___ , such as ___ , ___ , ___ , ___ , ___ , and ___ .

Answer 9

regulate brain functions (movement, behavior, emotions, temperature, blood pressure, and endocrine secretion)

Question 10

Five established biogenic amines neurotransmitter:

Catecholamines (3)
Others (2)

Answer 10

1. Dopamine
2. Epinephrine (adrenaline)
3. Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
4. Histamine
5. Serotonin

Question 11

Histamine exerts its effect by binding to histamine receptor on cells. These receptors are proteins found on the surface of cells that bind with histamine, a molecule involved in various physiological processes including the immune response, digestion, and sleep-wake cycle. The four types of histamine receptors:

Answer 11

H1
H2
H3
H4

Question 12

Drives cellular migration, nociception, vasodilation, and bronchoconstriction

Answer 12

H1 receptor

Question 13

These are found throughout the body, including in the skin, airways, and blood vessels. When histamine binds to these receptors, it triggers allergy symptoms like runny nose, sneezing, and itchy eyes. Antihistamines work by blocking these receptors.

Answer 13

H1 receptor

Question 14

Modifies gastric acid secretion, airway mucus production, and vascular permeability

Answer 14

H2 receptor

Question 15

These are mainly located in the stomach and intestines. When histamine binds to these receptors, it stimulates the production of stomach acid. ___ blockers are a type of medication that reduces stomach acid production by blocking ___ receptors.

Answer 15

H2 receptors

Question 16

Plays an important role in neuro-inflammatory diseases.

Answer 16

H3 receptor

Question 17

These are found in the brain and central nervous system. They are involved in regulating the release of other neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and norepinephrine.

Answer 17

H3 receptor

Question 18

These are the least well-understood of the histamine receptors. They are found in immune cells and may play a role in inflammation.

Answer 18

H4 receptor

Question 19

A monoamine neurotransmitter. Its biological function is complex and multifaceted, modulating mood, cognition, reward, learning, memory, and numerous physiological processes such as vomiting and vasoconstriction.

Answer 19

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine)

Question 20

Serotonin plays several roles in your body, including___ , ___ , ___ , as well as ___ , ___ , ___ , and ___ . Lack of enough serotonin is thought to play a role in depression, anxiety, mania and other health conditions.

Answer 20

influencing learning; memory; happiness; regulating body temperature; sleep; sexual behavior; hunger

Question 21

What organs release serotonin?

In the central nervous system (CNS), serotonin is almost exclusively produced in___ originating in the ___ located in the midline of the brainstem. These serotonin-producing neurons form the largest and most complex efferent system in the human brain.

Answer 21

neurons; raphe nuclei

Question 22

Serotonin Receptors Present in theCentral Nervous System.

The ___ and ___ receptor subtypes are also linked to inhibition of ___

Answer 22

5-HT 1B and 5-HT 1D; adenylyl cyclase activity

Question 23

5-HT3 receptors are locatedon ___ and ___ , on ___ , in the ___ , on ___ and in the ___ .

Answer 23

post-synaptic enteric and sensory neurons; enteric neuronal membranes; vagus; gastric endocrine glands; CNS

Question 24

Most of the serotonin found in the body

Answer 24

Intestines

Question 25

About ___ of serotonin is found in the cells lining your gastrointestinal tract. It’s released into your blood circulation and absorbed by platelets. Only about ___ is produced in your brain.

Answer 25

90%; 10%

Question 26

Serotonin, which is also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), primarily affects mood, promoting feelings of well-being. It also affects ___ , ___ , and ___ .

Answer 26

appetite; sleep cycles; pain perception

Question 27

Serotonin levels can be increased naturally bygetting more exposure to ___ and by doing ___ . It can also help to eat more foods that contain ___ , such as nuts, eggs, cheese, red meat, turkey, salmon, tofu and pineapple.

Answer 27

outdoor sunlight; plenty of exercise; tryptophan

Question 28

Serotonin receptors influence various biological and neurological processes such as? (10)

Answer 28

aggression, anxiety, appetite, cognition, learning, memory, mood, nausea, sleep, and thermoregulation.

Question 29

Causes a lack of serotonin (4)

Answer 29

1. Age-related health and brain changes
2. Chronic stress
3. Lack of exposure to natural light
4. Lack of physical activity

Question 30

The symptoms of low serotonin levels include: (6)

Answer 30

1. memory problems
2. feeling low
3. craving sweet foods
4. having problems sleeping
5. feeling bad about yourself
6. increased libido (sexual desire)

Question 31

Serotonin neurons and receptors are targets for a wide variety of therapeutic drugs. The most widely used class of antidepressant drugs is commonly referred to as the___.

Answer 31

tricyclic antidepressants

Question 32

What does blocking serotonin receptors do?

These medicines are used after surgery and in patients undergoing cancer treatment to ___ . They work by blocking serotonin from entering certain cells in the nervous system and brain.

Answer 32

prevent nausea and vomiting

Question 33

A mechanism to enhance blood flow to areas of body that are lacking oxygen and/or nutrients.

Answer 33

Vasodilation

Question 34

The vasodilation causes a decrease in ___ and an increase in ___ , resulting in a reduction of blood pressure.

Answer 34

systemic vascular resistance (SVR); blood flow

Question 35

High

Serotonin is a chemical that the body produces naturally. It’s needed for the ___ to function. Buttoo much serotonin causes signs and symptoms that can range from mild (shivering and diarrhea) to severe (muscle rigidity, fever and seizures). ___ can cause death if not treated.

Answer 35

nerve cells and brain; Severe serotonin syndrome

Question 36

___are involved in the synthesis of serotonin and other neurotransmitters. ___ deficiency has been found in many patients who have depression or decreased attention, concentration, and memory.

Answer 36

Folic acid and vitamin B12*