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3. Clin Pharm 2 > Pharmacology of ectoparasites > Flashcards

Pharmacology of ectoparasites Flashcards

1
Q

four pathogens transmitted by fleas

A
  • Dipylidium caninum
  • acanthocheilonema reconditum
  • bartonella henselae
  • Rickettsia felis
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2
Q

what do adult fleas need to do before reproduction?

A

blood feed required before reproduction

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3
Q
  • how fast do fleas feed on animal?
  • how fast do they lay eggs?
A
  • within 1 hour on animal, >85% of fleas have fed
  • egg production starts 24-48 hours after first blood meal > up to 50 eggs per day/ flea
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4
Q

where does the adult flea live? how long does it spend on the animal?

A

adult flea is generally permanently on animal

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5
Q

seasonality of fleas in ontario

A
  • May to november in Ontario
  • Winter is too dry for them, generally
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6
Q

where are fleas most prevalent geographically?

A

mostly southeastern USA, another pocket on south-west coast of california

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7
Q

flea life cycle stages present in infested environment

A
  • 5% adults
  • 10% pupae
  • 35% larvae
  • 50% eggs
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8
Q

flea only products - adulticide options

A
  • imidacloprid
  • nitenpyram
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9
Q

Imidacloprid
- what is this drug for?
- drug class?
- action?
- licensed use?

A

Drug class: neonicotinoid
<><>
Action: acts at nicotinic cholinergic synapse
> interacts with post-synaptic nicotinic receptor
<><>
Licensed as:
- monthly spot-on for control of fleas on dogs and cats
- flea adulticide

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10
Q

Imidacloprid pharmacokinetics
- how it works, how fast, how long it lasts

A

surface translocation > whole body coverage
- distributed over entire body in 12 hours (cats) or 24 hours (dogs)
- not absorbed
- stops fleas biting 3-5 minutes after contact with drug
- kills on contact, ie. biting not required
- >99% fleas killed within 24 hours
- photostable > residual activity for 4+ weeks

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11
Q

imidacloprid safety / toxicity

A
  • no reports of imidacloprid causing toxicity in dogs or cats following dermal exposure
  • alcohol carrier may lead to follicular shedding (on neck)
  • do not use in birds > highly toxic
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12
Q

imidacloprid is contained in what vet products?

A
  • K9 Advantix II
  • Advantage Multi
    <><>
  • Advantage II + K9 Advantix II approved as pest-control products
  • Advantage Multi approved as a drug
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13
Q

can we use imidacloprid in suckling animals?

A

if puppies/kittens suckling, just treat mother (minimum age for Advantage II = 7/8 weeks)

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14
Q

what non-flea parasites is imidacloprid labeled for?

A

biting/sucking lice on dogs

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15
Q

nitenpyram
- what is its class?
- action
- licensed use

A

Drug class: neonicotinoid
<><>
Action: Action: acts at nicotinic cholinergic synapse
> interacts with post-synaptic nicotinic receptor
<><>
Licensed as: oral adulticide for fleas on dogs & cats

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16
Q

nitenpyram pharmacokinetics

A
  • rapidly absorbed into bloodstream – lasts 24 hours
  • maximum blood concentration @ 0.6-1.2 hours
  • 98% fleas killed in 15 minutes - 6 hours
  • flea bite required for exposure
  • administer daily for Flea Allergy Dermatitis
17
Q

nitenpyram Toxicity/safety

A

very safe in dogs & cats

18
Q

nitenpyram uses:

A
  • eliminate existing flea infections
  • animals on lufenuron, methoprene etc, with “hitch hiker fleas”
  • prior to boarding or elective surgery
  • no activity against ticks or mites
19
Q

nitenpyram off-label use

A

myiasis

20
Q

insect growth regulator drugs used for fleas
- safety
- what life stages affected
- how fast they work
- formulations
- categories

A
  • extremely safe
  • affect eggs, larvae & pupae of insects and arachnids – do not affect adults
  • effective control after several weeks of treatment
  • many formulated with adulticides
    <><>
    Two groups:
    (a) Insect Development Inhibitors
    (b) Juvenile Hormone Analogs
21
Q

insect growth regulator drugs used for fleas - types of drugs

A

(a) Insect Development Inhibitors

(b) Juvenile Hormone Analogs
- Two most frequently used:
(i) pyriproxyfen
(ii) methoprene

22
Q

pyriproxyfen - what type of drug is this? use?

A

insect growth regulator - juvenile hormone analog
* combined with adulticide for flea control on dogs/cats:
> e.g. pyriproxyfen + imidacloprid (Advantage II)

23
Q

methoprene - what type of drug is this? use and application options?

A

insect growth regulator - juvenile hormone analog
* spot-on - ovicide if female fleas exposed
* spray - larvicide in environment
* combined with adulticide for flea control on dogs/cats:
> e.g. methoprene + fipronil (Frontline Plus – USA)

24
Q

Lack of efficacy of flea drugs ?
possible reasons

A
  • population management ?
  • infrequent owner application:
  • owner concerns about toxicity
  • lack of compliance
  • inability to adequately apply drug
  • bathing and swimming ?
  • drug resistance in flea populations ??
25
Q

Ticks on dogs & cats in North America - most likely in Ontario

A

American dog tick - dermacentor variabilis
<><>
deer tick - ixodes scapularis

26
Q

flea and tick drugs commonly used in vet med

A
  • selamectin
  • fipronil
  • imidacloprid + permethrin
  • imidacloprid + flumethrin
  • fluralaner
  • afoxolaner
  • sarolaner
  • lotilaner
27
Q

selamectin
- what kind of drug
- calss
- pharmacokinetics
- uses

A

(Revolution)
Drug class: macrocyclic lactone

Pharmacokinetics:
* spot-on: slowly absorbed into bloodstream then redistributed to skin
* monthly application for dogs & cats

Uses:
* adult and larval fleas (dogs & cats)
* Rhipicephalus sanguineus on dogs (not USA)
* Dermacentor variabilis on dogs (aid in the control)

28
Q

fipronil (USA)
- drug class
- action
- licensed for
- pharmacokinetics

A

Drug class: phenylpyrazole

Action: inhibits GABA-gated and glutamate-gated chloride channels (blocks passage of Cl- ions)

Licensed for:
- adult fleas + all stages of ticks on dogs and cats
- residual activity for 30 days

Pharmacokinetics:
* spot-on > surface translocation (sebum, sebaceous glands)
* limited dermal absorption (<1% applied dose)

29
Q

fipronil safety / toxicity

A
  • wide safety margin in dogs & cats
  • note: extra-label use on young/small rabbits can result in seizures/death
30
Q

fipronil is contained in:?
kills what?
residual activity?

A

Frontline Plus (USA)
- fipronil + methoprene
- kills adult fleas, flea eggs and larvae + ticks on dogs and cats
- residual activity for 30 days

31
Q

imidacloprid + permethrin
- for what species
- kills who

A

Dogs
- adult fleas, all tick species

32
Q

imidacloprid + flumethrin
- for what species
- kills who

A

dogs and cats
- adult fleas, all tick species

33
Q

fluralaner
- for what species
- kills who

A

dogs and cats
- adult fleas, all important tick species

34
Q

afoxolaner
- for what species
- kills who

A

dogs
* adult fleas, all important tick species

35
Q

sarolaner
- for what species
- kills who

A

dogs
* adult fleas, all important tick species

36
Q

lotilaner
- for what species
- kills who

A

dogs and cats
* adult fleas, all important tick species

3. Clin Pharm 2 (12 decks)

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