Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

pharmacology > Pharmacology of diabetes > Flashcards

Pharmacology of diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first line treatment for diabetes?

A

Lifestyle changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the different mediations for diabetes?

A

-Metformin
-Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitor
-Sulphonylurea
-Sodium glucose cotransporter (SGLT2) inhibitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the first line medication for diabetes?

A

Metformin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is AMPK?

A

AMP activated protein kinase

(An enzyme involved in metabolic processes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the primary mechanism of action of metformin?

A
  1. Metformin activates AMPK in hepatocyte mitochondria
  2. This inhibits ATP production
    3a. Blocks gluconeogenesis and subsequent glucose output
    3b. Blocks adenylate cyclase which promotes fat oxidation
  3. Both help to restore insulin sensitivity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the drug target of metformin?

A

AMPK in hepatocyte mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the main side effects of metformin?

A

-GI side effects
(20-30% of patients)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are examples of GI side effects?

A

-Abdominal pain
-Decreased appetite
-Diarrhoea
-Vomiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When are these side effects observed?

A

When very high doses are administered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How can side effects be diminished?

A

Slow increase in dose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does metformin require to access tissues?

A

Organic cation transporter 1 (OCT-1) as metformin is highly polar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does the characteristics of metformin allow it to have its therapeutic effect?

A

It is polar so accumulates in the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When is metformin most effective?

A

In the presence of endogenous insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Dipeptidyl-peptidase 4?

A

An enzyme which is responsible for breaking down incretin hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are incretin hormones?

A

Gut peptides that stimulate insulin secretion when the body is in a hyperglycaemic state after food intake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What ia an example of Dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors?

A

Sitagliptin

17
Q

What is the primary mechanism of action of Dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors?

A

Inhibits action of DPP-4 present in vascular endothelium

18
Q

What is the drug target of Dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors?

A

DPP-4 in vascular endothelium

19
Q

What are the main side effects of Dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors?

A

-Upper respiratory tract infections
-Flu-like symptoms
-Serious allergic reactions (less common)
-Avoid in patients with pancreatitis

20
Q

What are examples of flu-like symptoms?

A

-Headache
-Runny nose
-Sore throat

21
Q

When are Dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors useful?

A

When there is some residual pancreatic beta cell activity as this drug works by augmented ting insulin secretion

22
Q

Do Dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors cause weight gain?

A

No

23
Q

What is an example of sulphonylurea?

A

Gliclazide

24
Q

What is the primary mechanism of action of sulphonylurea?

A
  1. Inhibit ATP sensitive K channel on pancreatic beta cell
  2. Channel controls beta cell membrane potential
  3. Inhibition causes depolarisation which stimulates Ca2+ influx and subsequent insulin vesicle exocytosis
25
Q

What is the drug target of sulphonylurea?

A

ATP sensitive K channel on pancreatic beta cell

26
Q

What are the main side effects of suphonylurea?

A

-Weight gain
-Hypoglycaemia

27
Q

How can weight gain through sulphonylurea be mitigated?

A

Metformin

28
Q

What is the example of a sodium glucose cotransporter inhibitors?

A

Dapaglifozin

29
Q

What is the primary mechanism of action?

A

Reversibly inhibits SGLT2 in renal PCT to reduce glucose reabsorption and increase urinary glucose excretion

30
Q

What is the drug target of SGLT2 inhibitors?

A

SGLT2 in PCT

31
Q

What are the main side effects of SGLT2 inhibitors?

A

-Urogenital infections= due to increased glucose load
-Slight decrease in bone formation
-Can worsen DKA (must stop immediately)

32
Q

What other side effects can SGLT2 inhibitors have?

A

-Weight loss
-Reduction in BP

33
Q

How effective are SGLT2 inhibitors in renally impaired patients?

A

Not very effective

pharmacology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions