Pharmacology NCLEX study Flashcards
- cort-
- lone
- sone
corticosteroids (anti-inflammatory)
cortisone, hydrocortisone
methylprednisone, prednisolone, cortisone, dexamethasone, prednisone
Side effects: weight gain, mood swings, blurry vision, bruises, hyperglycemia, weakness, immunosuppression
-caine
local anesthetics
bupivacaine, cocaine, lidocaine, xylocaine
Side Effects: Bruising, itching, redness at injection site, numbness, nausea.
-Ane
General anesthetics
cyclohexane, ethane, flurane
Side Effects: Sedation, respiratory depression, malignant hyperthermia, dry mouth, N/V post op.
-Barbital
Barbiturates (sedative-hypnotics)
Amobarbital, Pentobarbital, Secobarbital
Side Effects: dizziness, sedation, headache, NV, abdominal pain
-Zoline
nasal decongestants
oxymetazoline, xylometazoline
Side Effects: dryness or burning in nose, sneezing, dizziness, headache
Warfarin monitor for/antidote
PT, INR
antidote: vitamin K
Heparin monitor/antedote
aPTT
antidote: protamine sulfate
-Zine
Phenothiazines (antipsychotics)
chlorpromazine, perphenazine, prochlorperazine
Side Effects: dry mouth, confusion, dizziness, trembling, extrapyramidal symptoms.
-Tidine
H2 receptor antagonist (anti-ulcer)
cimetidine, famotidine, nizatidine, ranitidine
Side Effects: headache, rarely-diarrhea, dizziness, rash, gynecomastia
-stine
antineoplastics (anti-tumor)
carmustine, lomustine, vinblastine, vincristine
Side effects: Pancytopenia, fatigue, NVD, anorexia, hair loss, skin changes
-Terol
bronchodilators
albuterol, bitolterol, levalbuterol, pirbuterol
Side Effects: Tachycardia, arrhythmias, NVD, headache, insomnia, palpitations
-stigmine
cholinergics (gluacoma & myasthenias gravis)
neostigmine, physostigmine, pyridostigmine
Side effects: increased sweating, incontinence, weakness, NVD, abdominal pain, bradycardia, excessive drooling.
-Calci-
calcium and vitamin D supplements
calciferol, calcitriol, ergocalciferol
side Effects: irritability, chest pain, shortness of breath, NV, weight loss, weakness.
-dronate
bisphosphonates (slow down/prevent bone loss)
alendronate, etidronate, pamidronate, risedronate
side effects: bone pain, GI upset, flu-like symptoms, hypocalcemia, rash
-Ine
stimulants
amphetamine, caffeine, terbutaline, theophylline
Side Effects: anorexia, tachycardia, nausea, hypertension, excitability, insomnia
-setron
5-HT3 receptor blocker (anti-emetics)
dolasetron, granisetron, ondansetron
Side Effects: Headache, fatigue, flushing, rash, prolonged QT interval, diarrhea
digoxin therapeutic level
0.8- 2 mcg/L
cef-
ceph-
caphalosporins (antibiotics)
cefadroxil, cefaclor, cefixime, cefibuten
cephalexin, cephapirin, cepharadine
Side effects: stomach discomfort, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, thrush, rash
rifa-
antituberculines
rifamate, rifampin, rifapentine, rifater
Side Effects: ototoxicity, hepatotoxicity, joint pain, NV, anorexia.
-actone
potassium sparing diuretic
aldactone, spironolactone
Side Effects: hyperkalemia, headache, hyponatremia, dizziness, muscle cramps
hypotension.
-cillin
Penicillins
ampicillin, penicillin, nafcillin
side effects: hypersensitivity, NVD, abdominal pain, C. difficle
- cyclovir
- ciclovir
- vir
antivirals famciclovir ganciclovir acyclovir valacyclovir abacavir zanamivir Side Effects: NVD, muscle aches, vision changes, head ache, weakness
-dazole
nitroimidazole (antimicrobial)
metronidazole
Side Effects: candida, weakness, headache, neurotoxicity
-pril
ACE inhibitors (antihypertensives)
benazepril, captopril, moexipril, quinapril, enalapril
Side Effects: dry mouth, cough, fatigue, dizziness, headaches, hypotension
-prazole
proton pump inhibitors (antiulcer)
iansoprazole, omeprazole, pantoprazole, lansoprazole
Side Effects: NVD, abdominal pain, fever, headache, flatulence
-azole
antifungals
butoconazole, econazole, fluconazole
Side Effects: nausea, dark urine, clay colored stools, flu-like symptoms, red skin rash.
- Navir
- Vudine
HIV/AIDS antivirals
amprenavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir
lamdivudine, stavudine, zidovudine
Side Effects: NVD, anorexia, fatigue, anxiety, nephro/hepatotoxicity.
-Floxacin
Fluoroquinolones (antibiotics)
ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin, levofloxacin
side effects: NV, GI upset, dizziness, insomnia, headache
-micin
aminoglycosides (antibiotics)
gentamicin
Side Effects: candida, weakness,headache, neurotoxicity
-mycin
aminoglycosides/macrolides
erythromycin, Tobramycin, vancomycin
Side Effects: ototoxicity, hypersensitivity, cholestatic hepatitis, NVD
sulfa-
sulfonamides (antibiotics)
sulfadiazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfasoxazole
Side effects: skin rash, itching, headache, NVD, tiredness, dizziness
-Quine
antiparasitics
chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine
Side Effects: anorexia, headache, dizziness, weight loss, neuropathy.
-Semide
Loop Diuretic
Bumetanide, Furosemide, Torsemide
Side Effects: hyponatremia, hypokalemia, thirst, headache, hypotension
-thiazide
Thiazide diuretics
Benzthiazide, hydrochlorothiazide
Side Effects: anorexia, dizziness, GI upset, headache, weakness, hypotension.
-Ase
Thrombolytics (clot busters)
Eminase, REtavase, streptokinase
Side Effects: Bleeding, Bruising easily, possible embolus, acute kidney injury
-parin
anticoagulant
enoxaparin, heparin
side effects: bleeding, bruising, thrombocytopenia
-Azosin
Alpha blockers (adrenergic antagonists) Doxazosin, Prazosin, Terazosin Side Effects: orthostatic hypotension, edema, headache, tiredness, itching.
-lol
beta blockers (adrenergic antagonists) atenolol, propranolol, sotalol, metoprolol Side Effects: Bradycardia, weakness, orthostatic hypotension, headache, GI upset.
- Dipine
- Zem
Calcium Channel Blocker
Amlodipine, felodipine, isradipine, nifedipine
diltazem
Side Effects: Headache, flushing, edema, hypotension, nausea, drowsiness.
-sartan
angiotensin -ii receptor blockers (ARB)
candesartan, losartan, telmisartan, valsartan
Side effects: NVD, dizziness, headache, cough, hyperkalemia, hypotension
-statin
HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (cholesterol reducers)
rosuvastatin, atorvastatin, simvastatin
Side Effects: Headache, insomnia, flushing, muscle aches, NV, abdominal pain
phenytoin therapeutic level
10-20 mcg/mL
lithium therapeutic level
0.4-1.4 mEq/L
theophylline therapeutic level
10-20 mcg/mL
- Lam
- Pam
- Zolam
Benzodiazepines (anxiolytics) alprazolam, midazolam diazepam, Lorazepam alprazolam, midazolam Side Effects: Confusion, drowsiness, sedation, weakness, respiratory depression, ataxia (symptoms which mimic being drunk)., dizziness
-Profen
NSAIDS (anti-inflammatory)
Fenoprofen, Ibuprofen, ketoprofen
Side Effects: stomach ulcers/pain, headache, bleeding, hypersensitivity.
-Triptan
anti-migraines
Naratriptian, Rizatriptan
Side Effects: Drowsiness, weakness, numbness or tingling, nausea
-Ergot_
Ergotamines (anti-migraine)
Ergotamine, Dihydroergotamine
Side Effects: dizziness, vertigo, weakness, NV, mild itching
-Triptyline
Tricyclics (antidepressants)
Amitriptyline, nortriptyline, protriptyline
Side Effects: Blurred Vision, constipation, dry mouth, drowsiness, orthostatic hypotension, urine retention
Aspirin
-do not give with other anticoagulants
stop taking before surgery
do not give to children with viral infection (Reye’s syndrome)
NSAIDS (ibuprofen)
contraindicated with GI ulcers
Opioids (morphine)
respiratory depressant
antidote: Naloxone
Dilantin
anticonvulsant
gum hyperplasia (regular dental checkups)
monitor therapeutic levels.
Prednisone
anti-inflammatory -cushing-like symptoms immunosuppression hyperglycemia osteoporosis
Heparin
anticoagulant
aPTT
Antidote: Protamine Sulfate
Warfarin
anticoagulant
PT/INR
antidote: vitamin K
Benztropine
anti-parkinsonian
treats extrapyramidal symptoms
Carbidopa/Levodopa
anti-parkinsonian
effective in the absence of tremors
Propanolol
do not stop abruptly
masks signs of hypoglycemia
Potassium Chloride
Potassium supplement Check labs prior to administration never give IV push caution with potassium sparing diuretic do not give with renal failure
Theophylline
brochodilator
monitor therapeutic levels
Albuterol
monitor for tachycardia & tremors
may also decrease potassium levels.
digoxin
cardiac glycoside
toxicity( visual changes, yellow/green halo; loss of appetite)
assess apical pulse for a full minute prior to administration.
Magnesium sulfate
anti-eclamptic used in preeclampsia monitor deep tendon reflexes assess for respiratory depression seizure precautions
furosemide (diuretics)
potassium wasting
monitor potassium levels (decreased potassium)
spironolactone
potassium sparing diuretics
monitor potassium levels (increased potassium)
lithium
therapeutic range 0.8-1.2
increased fluid intake
MAOI's rasagiline (Azilect), selegiline (Eldepryl, Zelapar), isocarboxazid (Marplan), phenelzine (Nardil), and. tranylcypromine (Parnate).
avoid food with tyramine (aged cheeses, wine)
disulfiram
avoid alcohol intake of any kind (mouthwash, OTC, cough syrups)
oxytocin
assess uterus for tetanic contraction (constant)
monitor fetal heart rate
terbutaline
tocolytic (stop contractions)
don’t give before 20 weeks
monitor fetal heart rate
amphotericin B (antifungal)
IVPB Slow Monitor for renal damage increase fluid intake assess K+ and BUN assess hearing
atropine (anticholinergic)
GI- slows motility
eyes- dilates pupils (avoid in glaucoma)
cardiac - increase heart rate
resp- bronchodilation
chemotherapy
use extreme caution
wear gloves and mask while mixing and administering
allupurinol
anti-gout
increase fluid intake
avoid organ meats
pt will have increased urine output
colchicine
anti-gout
may cause bloody diarrhea if toxicity occurs.
miotics
constrict pupils
used with glaucoma (allows for increased drainage of aqueous humor)
mydriatics
dilate pupils
avoid with glaucoma-increased intraocular pressure
calcium
9 to 10.5 mg/dL
magnesium
1.3 to 2.1 mEq/L
Phosphorus (PO4)
3 to 4.5
Chloride
98 to 106 mEq/L
RBC
male 4.7 to 6.1
females 4.2 to 5.4 million/uL
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
less than 20 mm/hr
Total serum cholesterol
less than 200 mg/dL
risk for cardiac or stroke event with levels greater than 150 mg/dL is the target range for therapy
LDL
less than 130 mg/dL
HDL
males greater than 45 mg/dL
females greater than 55 mg/dL
triglycerides
less than 150 mg/dL
males 40 to 160
females 35 to 135
PT
11 to 12.5 seconds
critical value greater than 20 seconds
Therapeutic range PT for anticoagulant therapy
1.5 to 2 times the normal or control value
activate partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)
30 to 40 seconds. critical value greater than 70 seconds
Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT)
60 to 70 seconds
critical value greater than 100
Therapeutic range for anticoagulant therapy is 1.5 to 2 times the normal or control value
INR
normal INR is 0.8 to 1.1
if the client requires anticoagulation, the desired value is increased to approximately 2 to 3. Critical value greater than 5.
The INR is a corrected ratio of a client’s prothrombin time to normal.
universal test is not affected by variations in laboratory norms.
platelets critical values
less than 20,000 or greater than 1 million
albumin
3.5 to 5 g/dl
ammonia
10 to 80 mcg/dL
total bilirubin
0.1 to 1 mg/dL
total protein
6 to 8 g/dl
urine specific gravity
1.005 to 1.030
urine protein
0 to 8 mg/dL
urine glucose
less than 0.5 g/day
urine ketones
none
urine pH
4.6 to 8
urine WBC
male 0 to 3 per highpower field; females 0-5 per high power field
creatinine clearance test
males 90 to 139 mL/min females 80 to 125 mL/min
This is a calculation of glomerular filtration rate and is the best indicator of overall renal function.
phenobarbital therapeutic range
10 to 40 mcg/mL
blood glucose fasting
70 to 105 mg/dL
glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)
4 to 6% is expected range
greater than 8 % indicates poor diabetes mellitus control.
