Pharmacology MOA Flashcards
acetaminophen Tylenol
Pain killer; Unknown MOA; NOT anti-inflammatory
SE: hepatotoxicity!
acetazolamide Diamox
CAI
acetylcysteine Mucomyst
Breaks up disulfide bonds in mucous
Topical can be rxed for filamentary keratitis, dry eye, corneal burns
acyclovir Zovirax
Herpes medication; inhibits DNA polymerase
albuterol Ventolin
B2 agonist
SE: increases aqueous production/glaucoma
allopurinol Zyloprim
Purine analog; inhibits purine synthesis
Treatment of gout
amantadine Symmetrel
Adrenergic agonist; Parkinson’s drug; dopamine agonist
amiodarone Cordarone
Anti-arrhythmic drug; K channel blocker
SE: Whorl keratopathy, NAION, anterior subcapsular lens deposits
amitriptyline Elavil
Anti-depressant; TCA; inhibits NE and serotonin reuptake
SE: anticholinergic effects; TCA overdose is life-threatening!!!
amoxicillin Principen
Antibiotic; inhibits transpeptidase (cell wall synthesis)
Gram + (primary) and gram -
Safe in pregnancy!
amphotericin B Amphocin
Anti-fungal; binds to ergosterol and forms pores
Broad spectrum; SE: nephrotoxicity
apraclonidine Iopidine
Alpha 2 agonist
atenolol Tenormin
Beta-1 blocker
atorvastatin Lipitor
HTN Medication
azathioprine Imuran
RA Treatment; purine analog; stops DNA/RNA replication
azelastine Optivar
x
azithromycin Zithromax
Antibiotic; Macrolide; Protein synthesis inhibitor; inhibits 50s ribosomal subunit
Tx of chlamydia; 1 gm dose
Tx of bacterial conjunctivitis, bleph
benazepril Lotensin
HTN Med; ACE inhibitor
SE: cough
bepotastine Bepreve
Mast cell stabilizer/Antihistamine combo
besifloxacin Besivance
Fluoroquinolone (Gen 4); inhibits DNA synthesis via DNA gyrase and topoisomerase
Gram - and +
Oral: CI pregnancy/children
betaxolol Betoptic S
B1 selective Beta blocker
bimatoprost Lumigan
Prostaglandin analog
botulinum toxin Botox
Parasympathetic antagonist; blocks aceytlcholine
brimonidine Alphagan P
Alpha 2 agonist
Decreases aqueous production and increases uveoscleral outflow
brinzolamide Azopt
CAI
Decreases aqueous production
bromfenac Xibrom
NSAID; COX 1 and 2 inhibotor
bromocriptine Parlodel
Parkinson’s drug; dopamine agonist
Also used to treat pituitary adenomas
brompheniramine Dimetane
Cholinergic antagonist; Antihistamine; 1st gen H1 blocker
SE: sedation, mydriasis, dry eyes
captopril Capoten
HTN Med; ACE Inhibitor
SE: cough
carteolol Ocupress
Beta blocker (sympathomimetic activity)
ceftriaxone Rocephin
Antibiotic; 3rd gen cephalosporin
Treatment of choice for gonococcal conjunctivitis and orbital cellulitis
Gram + and -
celecoxib Celebrex
NSAID; Selective cox 2 inhibitor; Protects stomach lining
cephalexin Keflex
Antibiotic; 1st gen cephalosporin; inhibits transpeptidase
Gram +
cetirizine Zyrtec
2nd gen anti-histamine; H1 blocker
SE: oculogyric crisis! (abnormal EOM contractions)
chloramphenicol Chloromycetin
Antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor; inhibits 50s ribosomal subunit
Gram + and -
SE of topical: Fatal aplastic anemia, optic neuritis
chloroquine Aralen
Malaria treatment; results in the buildup of heme, inhibits phospholipase A
SE: Whorl keratopathy, bulls eye maculopathy
Risk increases if > 2.3 mg/kg of real body weight
chlorothiazide Diuril
HTN Drug; Thiazide diuretic; inhibits NaCl reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule
SE: acute transient myopia, angle closure glaucoma
chlorpheniramine Chlor-Trimeton
Cholinergic antagonist; Anti-histamine; 1st gen H1 blocker
SE: sedation, mydriasis, dry eyes
chlorpromazine Thorazine
Antipsychotic; Cholinergic antagonist; Anti-psychotic; dopamine antagonist
SE: Parkinson-like effects, pigmentation effects, anticholinergic effects, oculogyric crisis
chlorpropamide Diabinese
Diabetes med; sulfonurea; increases the secretion of insulin by beta cells
SE: hypoglycemia
cholestyramine Questran
Cholesterol medication
cimetidine Tagamet
Anti-histamine; H2 blocker
Prevents stomach ulcers/acid reflux
ciprofloxacin Ciloxan or Cipro
Antibiotic; fluoroquinolone (gen 2); Inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis via DNA gyrase and topoisomerase
Gram -
Oral: CI pregnancy/children
clarithromycin Biaxin
Antibiotic; macrolide; protein synthesis inhibitor; 50s ribosomal subunit inhibitor
clindamycin Cleocin
Antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor; binds reversibly to the 50s ribosomal subunit
Treatment of MRSA
clonidine Catapres
HTN med; Alpha 2 agonist
SE: dry mouth, sedation, impotence, etc.
cromolyn sodium Crolom
Mast cell stabilizer
cyclobenzaprine Flexeril
Cholinergic antagonist; Muscle relaxant
SE: anticholinergic effects ie. dilation
cyclopentolate Cyclogyl
Muscarinic antagonist; max effect 45 minutes
cyclosporine Neoral or
Sandimmune
Restasis! Immunomodulator; inhibits production of interleukin-2 and therefore inhibits T Cells
SE (oral): reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome: HA, seizures, visual disturbances
dexamethasone Maxidex
Steroid
Inhibits phospholipase A
dextroamphetamine Dexedrine
ADHD Drug; dopamine agonist
SE: mydriasis, dry eyes
diazepam Valium
Cholinergic antagonist; Anti-anxiety med; opens chloride channels by bidning to GABA (inhibitory) receptors
SE: anticholinergic activity
diclofenac Voltaren
NSAID
COX 1 and 2 inhibitor
dicloxacillin Dynapen
Antibiotic; Cell wall synthesis/transpeptidase inhibitor
Gram +; Resistant to penicillinase
Safe in pregnancy!
difluprednate Durezol
Steroid
Inhibits
digoxin Lanoxin
HTN Drug; Na/K pump inhibitor
SE: retrobulbar optic neuritis, B/Y color defects, entopic phenomenon (snowy, dimming vision)
diltiazem Cardizem
HTN med; Calcium channel blocker; decreases smooth muscle contraction
diphenhydramine Benadryl
Cholinergic antagonist; Anti-histamine; 1st gen H1 blocker
SE: sedation, mydriasis, dry eyes
dipyridamole Persantine
x
donepezil Aricept
Cholinergic agonist; acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
Treatment of Alzheimer’s dz
SE: reduced IOP due to indirect cholinergic agonist activity
dorzolamide Trusopt
CAI
echothiophate Phospholine
Indirect parasympathetic agonist; inhibits acetocholinesterase
Long-lasting effects
edrophonium Enlon
AKA Tensilon test; Indirect cholinergic agonist
Inhibits acetylcholinesterase
emedastine Emadine
Antihistamine; H1 antagonist
enalapril Vasotec
HTN Med; ACE inhibitor
SE: cough
epinastine Elestat
H1 antagonist/Mast Cell Stablizer Combo
BEZ POP
esomeprazole Nexium
Treatment of GERD; proton pump inhibitor (inhibits H/K ATPase)
ethambutol Myambutol
TB med; inhibits arabinosyl transferase
SE: optic neuritis (bilateral)
famciclovir Famvir
Anti-viral; Treatment of Herpes
famotidine Pepcid
Anti-histamine; H2 blocker
Prevents stomach ulcers/acid reflux
fexofenadine Allegra
2nd gen anti-histamine; H`1 blocker
fluconazole Diflucan
Anti-fungal; inhibits ergosterol synthesis
fluorometholone FML
Steroid (mild)
fluoxetine Prozac
Anti-depressant; SSRI
SE: mydriasis, serotonin syndrome
flurbiprofen Ocufen
NSAID
fluticasone Flonase or
Flovent
Steroid; inhibits phospholipase A2
SE: cataracts, increased IOP, dry eye
foscarnet Foscavir
Anti-viral; DNA polymerase inhibitor
“Safety net if gancyclovir fails”
furosemide Lasix
HTN Med; loop diuretic; inhibits Na/2Cl/K co-transporters in the ascending loop of Henle
ganciclovir Zirgan
Treatment of Herpes; inhibits DNA polymerase
Tx: HSV keratitis, CMV retinitis
gatifloxacin Zymar
Fluoroquinolone (gen 4); Inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis via DNA gyrase and topoisomerase
Gram - and +
gemfibrozil Lopid
Cholesterol medication
gentamicin Garamycin
Antibiotic; Aminoglycoside; inhibits 30s ribosomal subunit; protein synthesis inhibitor
Gram - and +
glipizide Glucotrol
DM Medication; sulfonurea; increases secretion of insulin by beta cells
SE: hypoglycemia
glyburide Diabeta or
Micronase
DM Medication; sulfonurea; increases secretion of insulin by beta cells
SE: hypoglycemia
glycerin Osmoglyn
Hyperosmotic
griseofulvin Grifulvin V
Anti-fungal; inhibits fungal mitosis, interferes with microtubule formation
“Greasy scalp, nails”
hydralazine Apresoline
HTN Drug; increases cGMP, smooth muscle relaxation
hydrochlorothiazide Hydrodiuril
HTN Drug; Thiazide diuretic; inhibits NaCl reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule
SE: acute transient myopia, angle closure glaucoma
hydrocortisone Cortef
Steroid; Inhibits phospholipase A
hydroxychloroquine Plaquenil
Anti-malarial drug; inhibits phospholipase A2 and causes a buildup of heme
SE: Whorl keratopathy, bull’s eye maculopathy
Risk increased if dose >5 mg/kg/day body weight
ibuprofen Motrin or
Advil
NSAID; reversibly inhibits COX 1 and 2
CI in coronary artery dz/stroke
imipramine Tofranil
Cholinergic antagonist; Anti-depressant; TCA; inhibits NE and serotonin reuptake
SE: anticholinergic effects; TCA overdose is life threatening!!!
indomethacin Indocin
NSAID; reversible COX-1 and 2 inhibitor
CI in coronary artery dz/stroke
SE: whorl keratopathy, retinal pigmentary changes
ipratropium Atrovent
Cholinergic antagonist; muscarinic blockade/bronchodilation
SE: pupil dilation/angle closure
isoniazid Nydrazid
TB drug; inhibits mycolic acid/cell wall synthesis
SE: optic neuritis, hepatotoxicity
isoproterenol Isuprel
Nonselective Beta agonist
isotretinoin Accutane
Acne treatment
ketoconazole Nizoral
Anti-fungal; inhibits ergosterol synthesis
ketorolac Acular or
Toradol
NSAID
ketotifen Zaditor
Anti-histamine
labetalol Trandate
HTN Med; Non-selective beta-antagonist
latanoprost Xalatan
Prostaglandin analog
levalbuterol Xopenex
B2 agonist
SE: increases aqueous production/glaucoma
levobunolol Betagan
B blocker
levofloxacin Quixin
Antibiotic (fluoroquinolone gen 3); inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase
Gram - and +
Oral AND topical: CI pregnancy/children
levothyroxine Synthroid
Thyroid med; synthetic T4 hormone
SE: pseudotumor cerebri
lidocaine Xylocaine
NSAID
lindane Kwell
Lice treatment; absorbed through the exoskeleton of insects; leads to seizures and death
lisinopril Prinivil or
Zestril
HTN Med; ACE inhibitor
SE: cough
lodoxamide Alomide
Mast cell stabilizer
loratadine Claritin
2nd gen anti-histamine (H1 antagonist)
losartan Cozaar
HTN Med; angiotensin II receptor antagonist
loteprednol Alrex or
Lotemax
Steroid
lovastatin Mevacor
HTN med
mannitol Osmitrol
HTN Med; Hyperosmotic
SE: dry eye
meperidine Demerol
Opiate analgesic; agonist at mu, kappa, delta opiate receptors
SE: miosis, papilledema
metaproterenol Alupent
B2 agonist
SE: increases aqueous production/glaucoma
metformin Glucophage
Diabetes med; biguanide; decreases gluconeogenesis
Does not cause hypoglycermia
methazolamide Neptazane
x
methotrexate Rheumatrex
Rheumatoid arthritis treatment; inhibits dihydrofolate reductase
SE: myelosuppression/opportunistic infections
methylphenidate Ritalin
ADHD drug; dopamine agonist
SE: mydriasis, dry eyes
metipranolol OptiPranolol
Beta blocker
metoprolol Lopressor
HTN med; Beta-1 blocker
Spares the lungs
metronidazole MetroGel or
MetroCream
Anti-fungal
miconazole Monistat-Derm
Anti-fungal; inhibits ergosterol synthesis
montelukast Singulair
Asthma drug; leukotriene receptor antagonist
moxifloxacin Vigamox or
Avelox
Antibiotic; Fluoroquinolone (4th gen); inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase
Gram - and +
Oral: CI pregnancy/children
naloxone Narcan
Opiate antagonist
naphazoline Naphcon
Alpha 1 agonist
naproxen Aleve
NSAID; reversibly inhibits COX-1 and 2
CI in coronary artery dz/stroke
natamycin Natacyn
Anti-fungal; binds to ergosterol and forms pores
nedocromil Tilade
x
neostigmine Prostigmin
Indirect cholinergic agonist; acetocholinesterase inhibitor
Treatment of myasthenia gravis
nepafenac Nevanac
NSAID
nifedipine Procardia
HTN med; Calcium channel blocker; decreases smooth muscle contraction
nystatin Mycostatin
Antifungal; Binds to ergosterol and forms pores
Not indicated for ophthalmic use
ofloxacin Ocuflox
Antibiotic; fluoroquinolone (2nd gen); inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase
Gram -
Oral: CI pregnancy/children
olopatadine Patanol
H1 antagonist/mast cell stabilizer
omeprazole Prilosec
Anti-histamine; H2 blocker
Prevents stomach ulcers/acid reflux
oseltamivir Tamiflu
Treatment of influenza; inhibits viral neuraminidase
oxycodone Roxicodone
Opiate analgesic; agonist at mu, kappa, delta opiate receptors
SE: miosis, papilledema
pegaptanib Macugen
Anti-VEGF
pemirolast Alamast
Mast cell stabilizer
penicillamine Cuprimine
x
phenelzine Nardil
Cholinergic antagonist; anti-depressant; MAOI
SE: glaucoma, nystagmus, interactions with other drugs, lethal HTN crisis
phenobarbital Luminal
Anticonvulsant; reduces glutamtergic excitatory transmissions by blocking AMPA receptors
SE: mydriasis, increased IOP, cycloplegia
LDT “limits debilitating tremors”
phenylephrine Neo-Synephrine
A1 agonist
phenytoin Dilantin
Anticonvulsant; acts on multiple neurotransmitters
Side effect: nystagmus, EOM palsies, diplopia
“Limits debilitating tremors”
pioglitazone Actos
Diabetes med; thiazolidinedione; activates PPAR-gamma to increase glucose uptake
Combats insulin resistance
SE: hypoglycemia, macular edema
piroxicam Feldene
NSAID; reversible COX-1 and 2 inhibitor
CI in coronary artery dz/stroke
pralidoxime Protopam
x
prazosin Minipress
BPH med; Alpha-1 antagonist; relaxes smooth muscle
SE: floppy iris syndrome
promethazine Phenergan
Anti-histamine; 1st gen H1 blocker
SE: sedation, mydriasis, dry eyes, corneal endothelial pigmentation, pigmentary retinopathy
proparacaine Ophthaine
Topical NSAID
propranolol Inderal
HTN med; Non-selective beta-blocker
pseudoephedrine Sudafed
Non-selective alpha and beta agonist; treatment of cold symptoms
SE: diplopia, blurred vision, increased IOP, tachycardia
pyridostigmine Mestinon
Myasthenia Gravis Treatment; Indirect cholinergic agonist; aceytlcholinesterase inhibitor
pyrimethamine Daraprim
Antibiotic; DNA/folate synthesis inhibitor via dihdrofolate reductase
Treatment of toxoplasmosis
SE: Bone marrow suppression/aplastic anemia
ranibizumab Lucentis
Anti-VEGF
ranitidine Zantac
Anti-histamine; H2 blocker
Prevents stomach ulcers/acid reflux
ribavirin Copegus or
Rebetol
Hep C Drug; RNA polymerase inhibitor
SE: RIBAViriN
Retinal detachment, ischemia, bleeding, artery/vein occlusions, optic neuritis
rifampin Rifadin
TB Drug; inhibits RNA polymerase
SE: pink tears/urine
rimexolone Vexol
Steroid
salmeterol Serevent
Long-acting Beta 2 agonist
SE: increases aqueous production/glaucoma
sildenafil Viagra
ED Drug; Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor; Increase blood flow
Side effects: sub-conj hemes, cyanopsia, photosensitivity
simvastatin Zocor
HTN Drug
sodium chloride Muro-128
Topical hyperosmotic
spironolactone Aldactone
HTN med; potassium-sparing diuretic; blocks the action of aldosterone in the late distal convoluted tubule; increases secretion of sodium and water
sucralfate Carafate
Gastric lining protector; H2 blocker
Binds to damaged stomach ulcer tissue
sulfacetamide Sulamyd
Antibiotic; Sulfa drug; DNA/folate inhibitor via dihydropteroate synthase
sulfadiazine Microsulfan
Antibiotic; Sulfa drug; DNA/folate synthesis inhibitor via dihydropteroate synthase
Treatment of toxoplasmosis
sulfamethoxazole Gantanol
Antibiotic; Sulfa drug; DNA/Folate synthesis inhibitor via dihydropteroate synthase
sulfisoxazole Gantrisin
Antibiotic; sulfa drug; DNA inhibitor; inhibits folate synthesis via dihydropteroate synthase
sumatriptan Imitrex
Migraine therapy; 5-HT1B and 1D receptor agonist; causes vasoconstriction and reduces inflammation in the CNS
SE: NAION, artery occlusions, venous thromboses
tamoxifen Nolvadex
Estrogen receptor competetive partial inhibitor
Breast cancer treatment
SE: crystalline retinopathy, whorl keratopathy
tamsulosin Flomax
BPH drug; Alpha-1 antagonist; relaxes smooth muscle
SE: floppy iris syndrome
terazosin Hytrin
BPH drug; Alpha-1 antagonist; relaxes smooth muscle
SE: floppy iris syndrome
terbutaline Brethine
B2 agonist
SE: increases aqueous production/glaucoma
tetrahydrozoline Visine
A2 agonist
theophylline Theo-Dur
Bronchodilator; inhibits phosphodiesterase
thioridazine Mellaril
Antipsychotic; Cholinergic antagonist; Anti-psychotic; dopamine antagonist
SE: Parkinson-like effects, pigmentation effects, anticholinergic effects, oculogyric crisis
timolol Timoptic
B blocker
tobramycin Tobrex
Antibiotic; aminoglycoside; inhibits 30s subunit of ribosomal protein
Gram - and +
tramadol Ultram
Analgesic; Mu opiate receptor agonist, inhibits serotonin and norepinephrine uptake
travoprost Travatan
Glaucoma drug; Prostaglandin analog
Higher efficacy in African Americans
33% IOP reduction
triamcinolone Aristocort or
Kenalog
Steroid; inhibits phospholipase A2
SE: elevated IOP, endophthalmitis
triamterene Dyrenium
HTN Med; potassium-sparing diuretic; blcosk ENaCs in the late distal convoluted tubule
trifluridine Viroptic
Herpes drug; Inhibits DNA polymerase
Tx of Herpes simplex keratitis
trimethoprim Primsol
Antibiotic; DNA/folate synthesis inhibitor via dihydrofolate reductase
Side effect: Aplastic anemia- treats marrow poorly
tropicamide Mydriacyl
Acetylcholine antagonist
valacyclovir Valtrex
Herpes drug; inhibits DNA polymerase
vardenafil Levitra
ED Drug; phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor; increases blood flow
SE: sub-conj hemes, cyanopsia, photosensitivity
verapamil Calan or Isoptin
HTN med; Calcium channel blocker; decreases smooth muscle contraction
warfarin Coumadin
Anti-clotting drug; vitamin K antagonist
zafirlukast Accolate
Asthma drug; leukotriene receptor antagonist
zidovudine Retrovir
AIDS drug; inhibits reverse transcriptase
Bacitracin
Antibiotic; inhibits transfer of peptidoglycans
Gram + bacteria
Clavulonic Acid
Penicillinase inhibitor (used with amoxicillin to make Augmentin)
Tetracycline
Antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor; inhibits 30s ribosomal subunit
CI in pregnancy; leads to blue sclera, pseudotumor cerebri, pigmented conjunctival cysts
Doxycycline
Antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor; inhibits 30s ribosomal subunit
CI in pregnancy; leads to blue sclera, pseudotumor cerebri, pigmented conjunctival cysts
Treatment of MRSA!
Minocycline
Antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor; inhibits 30s ribosomal subunit
CI in pregnancy; leads to blue sclera, pseudotumor cerebri, pigmented conjunctival cysts
Lincomycin
Antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor; reversibly inhibits 50s ribosomal subunit
Erythromycin
Antibiotic; Macrolide; protein synthesis inhibitor; inhibits 50s ribosomal subunit
Prophylaxis of gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum
Bactrim
Trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole
Treatment of MRSA
Aspirin
NSAID; irreversible COX-1 and 2 inhibitor
Associated with Reye’s syndrome in children
Misoprostol
Synthetic prostaglandin E1; protects stomach lining
Tx: NSAID-induced stomach ulcers
Pilocarpine
Direct cholinergic agonist
Acetylcholine
Direct cholinergic agonist
Bethanechol
Direct cholinergic agonist
Carbachol
Direct cholinergic agonist
Escitalopram Lexapro
Anti-depressant; SSRI
SE: mydriasis, serotonin syndrome
Venlafaxine Effexor
Anti-depressant; SNRI
Duloxetine Cymbalta
Anti-depressant; SNRI
Bupropion Wellbutrin
Anti-depressant/Smoking cessation; SNRI
Topiramate Topamax
Anti-convulsant; multiple CNS effects
SE blurred vision, myopia, diplopia, nystagmus, angle closure glaucoma
Rosiglitazone Avandia
Diabetes med; thiazolidinedione; activates PPAR-gamma to increase glucose uptake
Combats insulin resistance
SE: macular edema, hypoglycemia