Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology And Toxicology > Pharmacology L10 > Flashcards

Pharmacology L10 Flashcards

1
Q

Half of deadly bacterial infections due to 5 pathogens

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Escherichia coli
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is colistin

A

Last resort antibiotics to treat infections caused by multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Antimicrobial Chemotherapy

A

Drug treatment of parasitic infections in which the parasites are destroyed or removed without injuring the host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Important microorganisms involved in infectious diseases

A

Bacteria, Viruses, Protozoa, Fungi, Worms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Potential issues with therapy:

A
  • Drug delivery
  • Drug retention
  • Correct activity spectrum
  • Toxic side effects
  • Development of resistance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Increasing concentration of antimicrobial
agent leads to

A

Toxic side effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

concept of antimicrobial chemotherapy

A

In order to use chemotherapy successfully, we must look for substances that have an affinity for the parasite cells and have the power of killing them greater than the damage these cells cause to the organism ‘itself’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What performs the final elimination of infection

A

the human’s body defences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is penicillin

A

Typical β-Lactam antibiotic that inhibits the formation of peptidoglycan cross-links in the bacterial cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Bacteria

A

simple unicellular organisms without nuclear membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Fungi

A

Uni- or multi-cellular eukaryotes with a distinct nucleus
May look like plants, but can not perform photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Protozoa

A

Unicellular eukaryotic microbes, amoebae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Viruses

A

DNA or RNA with protein coat structures; not cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Helminths

A

Parasitic worms (flatworms or roundworms); multi-cellular
animal parasites - not strictly microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are cancer cells

A

Host cells that have become malignant, thus ‘parasitic/foreign’ with respect to normal cellular control processe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Examples of Bacteria

A
  • Gram-positive cocci, e.g. Staphylococcus
  • Gram-negative cocci, e.g. Neisseria
  • Gram-positive rods, e.g. Clostridium
  • Gram-negative rods, e.g. Escherichia coli
  • Spirochaetes, e.g. Treponema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Examples of viruses

A
  • RNA viruses, e.g. rubella virus
  • DNA viruses, e.g. herpes virus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Examples of fungi

A

Dermatophytes, e.g. tinea organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Examples of protozoa

A
  • Plasmodium falciparum
  • Pneumocystis carinii
  • Entamoeba histolytica
  • Leishmania organisms
  • Trypanosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Examples of helminths

A
  • Worms in alimentary canal, e.g. nematodes
  • Worms in tissues, e.g. trematodes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Proper use of antimicrobial drugs:

A

-Diagnosis
-Removal of barriers to cure (abscesses)
-Necessity of chemotherapy (acute vs chronic infection)
-Selection of appropriate drug
-Combinations of antimicrobials
-Chemoprophylaxis and preemptive suppressive therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

General problems with antimicrobial drugs:

A

Opportunistic infection
Allergic reactions
Treatment failure

23
Q

Opportunistic infection

A

General suppression of part of normal bacterial flora of patient by antimicrobial
drugs may trigger proliferation of drug-resistant microorganisms in the absence of
proper competition

24
Q

Treatment failure can include

A

Resistance to drugs
Wrongly diagnosed infectious organism(s)
Sub-optimal use of drug
Reduced host defenses

25
Q

Selection of appropriate drug include

A
  • Specificity
  • Side effects
  • Administration
  • Dosage and dosing intervals
  • Duration of treatment
  • Test for cure
26
Q

How is an accurate disease diagnosis obtained

A
  1. by determining the site of infection
  2. defining the host (eg, immunocompromised, diabetic, of advanced age)
  3. establishing, when possible, a microbiological diagnosis
27
Q

Relationship between humans and microorganisms is affected by factors such as:

A

Natural distribution of microorganisms
Microbial pathogenicity
Susceptibility to infection

28
Q

Classification of Antimicrobial Drugs

A

(i) Mode of action in target organism
(ii) Site of action in target organism
(iii) Type of organism against which they are active
(iv) Spectrum of antimicrobial activity

29
Q

Mode of action in target organism

A
  • Bacteriostatic: Arrest of bacterial growth
  • Bactericidal: Killing of bacteria
30
Q

Site of action in target organism

A
  • Cell wall
  • Cytoplasmic membrane
  • Protein synthesis
  • Nucleic acid metabolism
31
Q

Type of organism against which they are active

A
  • Antibacterial drugs
  • Antiviral drugs
  • Antifungal drugs
  • Antiprotozoal drugs
32
Q

Spectrum of antimicrobial activity

A
  • Narrow-spectrum drug
  • Broad-spectrum drug
33
Q

example of Antibacterial drug, bacteriocidal, narrow-spectrum antibiotic, cell wall target

A

Penicillins

34
Q

why are Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis important

A

since human host cells lack a
cell wall

35
Q

Cell wall synthesis inhibitors are

A

BACTERICIDAL on growing or multiplying bacteria!

36
Q

How does penicillin and cephalosporin inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis

A

Inhibition of transpeptidation and thus no proper cross-linking of peptidoglycan

37
Q

How does bacitracin Inhibition peptidoglycan synthesis

A

Inhibition of regeneration of lipid carrier due to blocking its de-phosphorylation

38
Q

Parent substance: Penicillin G is obtained from

A

cultures of mold fungi Penecillium notatum

39
Q

How does it disrupt cell walls

A

by inhibiting Transpeptidase

40
Q

Bactericidal effect of penicillin

A

Since cell wall prevents rupture of the bacterial plasma membrane from a
high internal osmotic pressure, cell wall defects cause bacterial cells to swell and burst

41
Q

Potential adverse effects of penicllin G

A

hypersensitivity,
neurotoxic effects,
anaphylactic shock

42
Q

Disadvantages of Penicillin G

A

Cleavage of b-lactam ring by gastric acid
- Cleavage of b-lactam ring by bacterial enzymes (beta-lactamases)
- Narrow anti-bacterial spectrum (mostly against Gram-positive bacteria)

43
Q

Penicillin derivatives

A
  • Penicillin V
  • Oxacillin
  • Amoxicillin
  • Amoxicillin plus Clavulanic Acid
44
Q

Penicillin V

A

Acid resistance

45
Q

Oxacillin

A

Penicillinase resistance

46
Q

Amoxicillin

A

Extended activity spectrum, including also many gram-negative bacteria

47
Q

Amoxicillin in combination with Clavulanic Acid

A

Protection against destruction by penicillinase

48
Q

why is the Determination of the level of antimicrobial activity important

A
  • Determine which agents are most effective against a particular pathogen of interest
  • Estimate the proper therapeutic dose
49
Q

effectiveness of a chemotherapeutic agent against a pathogen can be obtained
from determining:

A

(i) MIC Minimal Inhibitory Concentration
(ii) MLC Minimum Lethal Concentration

50
Q

(i) MIC Minimal Inhibitory Concentration

A

Lowest concentration of a drug that prevents growth of a particular pathogen

51
Q

(ii) MLC Minimum Lethal Concentration

A
  • Lowest drug concentration that kills the pathogen
52
Q

at what MIC do bactericidal drugs kill pathogens

A

at levels 2-4 times the MIC

53
Q

at what MIC do bacteristatic drugs kill pathogens

A

only at much higher concentrations

54
Q

Two established methods are often used to determine the level of antimicrobial activity:

A

-Mueller-Hinton broth dilution susceptibility assay
- Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion assay

Pharmacology And Toxicology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions