Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

KT > Pharmacology L) Cardio > Flashcards

Pharmacology L) Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

What is acute coronary syndrome?

A

Spectrum of conditions that involve the reduction of blood flow through coronary arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the symptoms of acute coronary syndrome?

A 
Heartburn
Chest pain
Sweaty
Cold / clammy
Nausea and vomiting
Anxiety
Grey pallor
Loss of consciousness
Arrest
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the risk factors for ACS?

A 
Hypertension
Hypercholesterolaemia
Family history
Smoking
Male 
Diabetes
Obesity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the GRACE2 score?

A

Predicts the risk of death from an MI after ACS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the treatment aims for ACS?

A

Reduce cardiac ischaemia - revascularisation, thrombolysis, medical management
Reduce myocardial oxygen demand
Prevent recurrent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Give examples of drugs used for thrombolysis

A

Alteplase
Reteplase
Streptokinase
Tenecteplase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the contraindications of drug thrombolysis?

A 
Recent bleeding / trauma (1 month)
Bleeding disorders
Haemorrhagic stroke 
Ischaemic stroke / TIA
On warfarin / DOAC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the immediate management for ACS?

A 
Oxygen
Nitrates
Anti-emetics
Antiplatelet bleeding
Fonaparinux / LMWH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What classes of drugs should be given for long-term management and secondary prevention of ACS?

A 
Dual anti platelet therapy - aspirin + clopidogrel / prasugrel / ticagrelor
ACE inhibitors / ARBs
Beta-blockers
Statins
GTN spray
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the mechanism of action of aspirin?

A

COX inhibitor

Reduces TXA2 and platelet activation / aggregation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does clopidogrel work?

A

Inhibits ADP binding to PY2 receptor on platelets to prevent activation and aggregation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How long should clopidogrel be given for?

A

1 year following NSTEMI
≤1 year following STEMI
BMS 1 month
DES 6-12 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the effects of beta blockers?

A

Block sympathomimetic activity by binding to beta receptors
Slow SA node to allow left ventricle to fill completely to lower heart workload
Dilate arteries to lower BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the side effects of beta blockers?

A 
Fatigue
Cold hands / feet
Nightmares / sleep disturbances
Breathing difficulties in asthmatics
Bradycardia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Give examples of 1st generation (non-selective) beta blockers

A 
Propanolol
Pindolol
Nodalol
Sotalol
Timolol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Give examples of 2nd generation (selective) beta blockers

A

Atenolol
Acebutolol
Bisoprolol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Give examples of 3rd generation beta blockers

A

Non selective: carvedilol, labetalol

Selective: nebivolol, betaxolol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How do ACE inhibitors work?

A

Inhibit production of angiotensin II and inhibit breakdown of vasodilator bradykinin
Prevent cardiac remodelling by reducing preload and after load

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the side effects of ACE inhibitors?

A

Postural hypotension
Loss of taste / appetite
Persistent dry cough

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do statins work?

A

HMG CoA reductase inhibitor to reduce production of cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the target cholesterol levels when on statins?

A 
Total cholesterol ≤5
Non-HDL cholesterol ≤4
LDL cholesterol ≤3
HDL cholesterol ≥1
Triglycerides ≤2.3
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the side effects of statins?

A

Muscle pain
Headache
Nausea and vomiting
Abdominal pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are nitrates used for?

A 
Relieve or prevent expected chest pain (GTN)
Prevent regular chest pain
Stable angina
Heart failure
Acute coronary syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the function of nitrates in stable angina?

A

Dilate veins and collaterals leading to decreased O2 consumption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the side effects of nitrates?
Flushing Headache Dizziness Postural hypotension
26
What drugs interact with nitrates?
Sildenafil Vardenafil Tadalafil
27
What are the side effects of nicorandil?
Dizziness Headaches Nausea
28
How does nicorandil work?
Dilates epicardial coronary arteries and coronary microvessels to increase coronary flow Venodilatation and dilates peripheral arterioles to decrease myocardial O2 requirement
29
What is atrial fibrillation?
Rapid atrial rate >300-60 beats per minute followed by a rapid and irregular ventricular beat AV node restricts conduction so ventricular rate <200bpm
30
What are the symptoms of atrial fibrillation?
``` Palpitations Chest pain Fatigue Dizziness Dyspnoea Syncope Low exercise tolerance ```
31
What is persistent AF?
Lasts >48 hours after onset but can be cardioverted back to sinus rhythm using electrical or pharmacological cardioversion
32
What is paroxysmal AF?
Intermittent, self terminating or recurrent arrhythmia combined with normal sinus rhythm
33
What is permanent AF?
Chronic condition present for >48 hours where cardioversion is ineffective or unsuitable
34
What drug therapy should be given in AF?
Anticoagulation Rate control strategy Rhythm control strategy Pill in the pocket
35
What drugs can be used for rate control in AF?
Beta blocker Rate-lowering calcium antagonist Digoxin
36
How can rhythm control be done?
Electrically by cardioversion | Chemically using drugs
37
Give examples of pill in the pocket drugs for AF
Flecainide | Propafenone
38
Give examples of DOACs
Dabigatran Rivaroxaban Apixaban Edoxaban
39
What monitoring should be done when using DOACs?
On initiation: renal function, weight, liver screen and clotting screen Renal function checked annually
40
When can't DOACs be used?
For mechanical valves
41
What is warfarin?
Vitamin K antagonist
42
What is digoxin used for?
Rhythm control in AF | Only effective for controlling ventricular rate at rest so should only be used as monotherapy if patient is sedentary
43
What are some signs of digoxin toxicity?
``` Lethargy Confusion Vomiting Loss of appetite Diarrhoea Visual changes ```
44
What are the side effects of amiodarone?
Cardiac arrhythmias Skin sensitivity to sun Corneal deposits Thyroid precipitates hypo/hyperthyroidism
45
Give examples of dihydropyridine
Amlodipine Felodipine Nicardipine Nifedipine
46
Give examples of non-dihydropyridines
Diltiazem | Verapamil
47
How do calcium channel antagonists work?
Inhibit calcium ions from entering slow or voltage gated channels in vascular smooth muscle and myocardium
48
What are the side effects of calcium channel antagonists?
``` Constipation Facial flushing Headaches Ankle swelling Fatigue Dizziness ```
49
What are the points in the CHA2DS2VASc score?
``` Congestive Hf +1 Hypertension +1 Age ≥75 +2 Diabetes mellitus +1 Previous stroke, TIA or thromboembolism +2 Vascular disease +1 Age 65-74 +1 Female +1 ```
50
What are the points in the HAS-BLED score?
``` Hypertension +1 Abnormal renal function or liver function +1 or +2 Stroke +1 Bleeding +1 Labile INRs +1 Elderly (>65) +1 Drugs or alcohol +1 or +2 ```
51
What is heart failure?
Clinical syndrome characterised by typical symptoms caused by a structural and/or functional cardiac abnormality resulting in a reduced cardiac output and/or elevated intracardiac pressures at rest or during stress
52
What are the symptoms of HF?
``` Dyspnoea Orthopnoea Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea Peripheral oedema Fatigue ```
53
What are the signs of HF?
``` Elevated JVP Hepatojugular reflux 3rd heart sound Pulmonary crackles Peripheral oedema Laterally displaced apical impulse ```
54
What are the 2 types of HF?
HF with reduced ejection fraction (systolic HF) | HF with preserved ejection fraction (diastolic HF)
55
What are the causes of chronic HF?
``` Ischaemic heart disease Acute coronary syndrome Hypertension Valve disease Arrhythmias Cardiomyopathy Myocarditis ```
56
What drugs should be given for HF with reduced EF?
ACEi / ARB/ ARNi Beta blocker Aldosterone antagnist
57
What is the physiological response to HF?
Increase cardiac output Increase catecholamine release Activation of renin-angiotensin system Structural changes
58
What is BNP?
Peptide are released by the heart in response to myocardial tension & increased intravascular volume
59
What is Starling's law?
Greater the amount of blood volume (preload) into the ventricle of the heart during diastole, the greater the amount of blood volume ejected out of heart during systolic phase
60
What are the types of diuretics?
Loop diuretics Thiazide-like diuretics Potassium-sparing diuretics
61
Give examples of loop diuretics
Furosemide | Bumetanide
62
What are the side effects of loop diuretics?
Fatigue Dizziness Electrolyte imbalance
63
Give examples of thiazide-like diuretics
Bendroflumethiazide | Metolazone
64
What are the side effects of thiazide-like diuretics?
Gout exacerbation
65
Give examples of potassium sparing diuretics
Spironolactone | Eplerenone
66
What are the side effects of potassium sparing diuretics?
Hyperkalaemia | Gynaecomastia
67
Give examples of ARBs
Candesartan Losartan Valsartan
68
What are the side effects of ivabradine?
Bradycardia Headache Dizziness Vision disturbance
69
What are some lifestyle changes to advise in HF?
``` • Monitor fluid intake Monitor breathlessness & oedema Smoking cessation Optimise BP Optimise diabetes management Diet & reduced salt intake Regular exercise Flu & pneumococcal vaccination ```

KT (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions