Pharmacology - GI and Liver

Question 1

What is contained within mast cells?

Answer 1

Histamine and 6 other cytotoxic factors:

serotonin, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, bradykinin, heparin, and chemotactic factors

Question 2

Name (4) cells of the body that use histamine

Answer 2

mast cells
basophils
enterchromaffin-like (ECL) cells (fundus of stomach)
CNS

Question 3

What effect do H1 (histamine) receptors have on the central nervous system?

Answer 3

H1 receptors affect the sleep/wake cycle and nausea

Question 4

What is the primary action of the H2 receptor? How does it work?

Answer 4

Increases gastric acid release from parietal cells.

Histamine binds H2 -> activates adenylate cyclase -> induces protein kinases that-> activate the proton pump. Pumps out H+ ions into stomach.

Question 5

Which histamine receptor is responsible for the wheal and flare response?

Answer 5

H1

Question 6

Promethazine: class, uses, and important properties

Answer 6

• 1st gen antihistamine
• Uses: anti-emetic or a sedative. Also used in combo w/ Benadryl for migraine relief
• Properties: Very strong anti-cholinergic and sedating

Question 7

Levocetirizine: class, trade name, and use

Answer 7

• 3rd gen antihistamine (Xyzal)

- Isomer of cetirizine w/ fewer side effects

Question 8

Fexofenadine: class, trade name, and use

Answer 8

• 2nd gen antihistamine (Allegra)

- Uses: Anti-allergy med w/ few side effects

Question 9

Desloratidine: class, trade name, and use

Answer 9

• 3rd gen antihistamine (Clarinex)

- Use: active metabolite of loratadine. Uncertain whether it is more effective

Question 10

Meclizine: class and use

Answer 10

• 1st gen antihistamine

- Uses: anti-emetic and tx vertigo

Question 11

Diphenhydramine: class, trade name, and uses

Answer 11

• 1st gen antihistamine (Benadryl)

- Uses: seasonal allergies and allergic rxns: anaphylaxis, urticaria, nausea, and can be used for sedating effect

Question 12

Additional use of Diphenhydramine (beyond usual uses)

Answer 12

combat extrapyramidal side effects caused by other medications

Question 13

Dimenhydrinate: class, trade name, and use

Answer 13

• 1st gen antihistamine (Dramamine)

- Use: anti-emetic (motion sickness)

Question 14

Loratadine: class, trade name, use, and important property

Answer 14

• 2nd gen antihistamine (Claritin)
• Use: seasonal allergies, allergic rxns, and urticaria
• Less sedating than diphenhydramine

Question 15

Chlorphenamine: class and use

Answer 15

• 1st gen antihistamine

- Use: put in multi agent cold medication preparations

Question 16

Hydroxyzine: class, trade name, and (3) uses

Answer 16

• 1st gen antihistamine (Atarx, Vistaril)

- Uses: itching, sedation, and anti-anxiety

Question 17

Cyproheptadine: class, trade name, and (3) uses

Answer 17

• 1st gen antihistamine (Periactin)

- Uses: allergies, migraine, and appetite stimulant

Question 18

Olopatadine: class, trade name, and use

Answer 18

• 2nd gen antihistamine (Patanol)

- Use: eye drop for allergic conjunctivitis

Question 19

Azelastine: class and use

Answer 19

• 2nd gen antihistamine

- Use: mast cell stabilizer that is used as nasal spray or eye drop

Question 20

Ketotifen: class, trade name, and use

Answer 20

• 2nd gen antihistamine (Zatidor)

- Use: eye drop for allergic conjunctivitis

Question 21

Cetirizine: class, trade name, and use

Answer 21

• 2nd gen antihistamine (Zyrtec)

- Use: allergic rhinitis

Question 22

Differences in dosing between Cetirizine and Diphenhydramine

Answer 22

Diphenhydramine = every 6-8 hrs

Cetirizine = once daily