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Pharmacology > Pharmacology - FINAL EXAM General Info > Flashcards

Pharmacology - FINAL EXAM General Info Flashcards

1
Q

Qualities of a Perfect drug

A
  1. Effective
  2. Safe
  3. Selective (not a lot of side effects)
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2
Q

Drug Safety

A

ALL drugs can cause harm

ALL drugs cause side effects

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3
Q

Controlled Substance Abuse Act

A

Regulates manufacture & distribution of narcotics, stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, and anabolic steroids

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4
Q

Three ways drugs cross cell membranes

A

Passage (through channels or pores)
Transport system
Direct penetration of the membrane (lipophillic/lipid soluble)

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5
Q

Bioavailability

A

Amount of drug absorbed into the blood stream

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6
Q

Enzyme induction

A

with chronic administration, some drugs activiate hepatic enzymes, increasing drug metabolizing enzymes produced. Need to increase dose to produce therapeutic effect.
Med increases enzyme, more enzyme requires and increase in med.

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7
Q

Enzyme inhibition

A

concurrent administration of 2 or more drugs compete for metabolizing enzyme.

  • smaller doses required
  • grapefruit effect
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8
Q

First Pass Effect

A

oral drugs are extensively metabolized in the liver with only part of the drug dose reaction systemic circulation for distribution to sites of action.

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9
Q

“Empty Stomach”

A

1hr before or 2hr after meal

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10
Q

Idiosyncrasy

A

Uncommon drug response resulting from a genetic predisposition

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11
Q

Effective Dose (ED50)

A

the dose require to produce a defined therapeutic response in 50% of the population

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12
Q

Lethal Dose (LD50)

A

the dose that is lethal to 50% of animals tested

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13
Q

Therapeutic index

A

Measure of drug’s safety
ratio of a drugs LD50 to its ED50
Large TI = safe
small TI = not safe

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14
Q

Schedule I

A

Drugs not approved for medical use and have high abuse potentials.

  • Heroin
  • LSD
  • Peyote
  • Marijuana
  • mescaline
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15
Q

Schedule II

A

Drugs that are used medically and have high abuse potentials

  • Opioid analgesics: codeine, hydromorphone, methadone, morphine, oxycodone
  • CNS Stimulants: cocaine, methamphetamine,methylphenidate
  • Barbituate sedative-hypnotics
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16
Q

Schedule III

A

Drusgs with less potential for abuse than those in Schedule I & II, but abuse may lead to psychological/physiological dependence.
-anabolic steroids

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17
Q

Schedule IV

A

Drugs with some potential for abuse:

  • benzodiazapines
  • sedative-hypnotics
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18
Q

Schedule V

A

Products containing moderate amounts of controlled substances.
-antidiarrheal drugs: Lomotil

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19
Q

Absorption

A

drug moves from site of entry to bloodstream

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20
Q

Distribution

A

movement of drugs throughout the body

Transport of drug to target tissue

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21
Q

Pharmacogenetics

A

Study of the influence of genes on individual response to drugs

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22
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

what drugs do to the body & how they do it

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23
Q

Agonist

A

Stimulate cell function

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24
Q

Antagonists

A

Inhibit cell function by occupying the receptor site

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25
Q

Up-Regulation

A

When prolonged inhibition with antagoinist is suddenly stopped or reduced cells become excessively responsive to agonist

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26
Q

Down-Regulation

A

if prolonged stimulus with agonist less responsive/or fewer receptor sites
*Desensitization or refractory

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27
Q

Phamacokinetics

A 
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
P-Glycoproteins
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28
Q

Trade Name

A

Brand Name (1st letter capitalized)

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29
Q

Generic

A

Nonproprietary (not owned/made/sold by one holding a trademark or patent)
Name is assigned by the US Names Council
Each drug only has ONE generic name

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30
Q

Metabolism

A
  • Method by which drugs are inactivated or biotransformed by the body
  • Enzymatic alteration of drug structure
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31
Q

Excretion

A

Removal of drugs from the body

  • Kidneys
  • Bowels
  • Lungs
  • Skin
  • Breastmilik
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32
Q

Half-Life

A

Time required for the serum concentration of a drug to decrease by 50%.
-Impacts frequency of administration

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33
Q

What factors affect a client’s response to meds?

A

.

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34
Q

Severe/dangerous AE of Opioids

A

1 = RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION

  • N/V
  • Hypotension
  • Excessive Sedation
  • Constipation
  • Urinary retention
  • Increased IOP
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35
Q

Reyes Syndrome

A

Occurs with aspirin use in children

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36
Q

AE of ADHD Medications in children

A

.

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37
Q

Nitroglycerin common AE

A

Headache
Dizziness
Hypotension
Tachycardia

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38
Q

AE of excessive immunosuppression

A

Infection

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39
Q

Anticholinergic side effects

A

photophobia, dry mouth, constipation

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40
Q

Early sign of digitalis toxicity

A

ANOREXIA #1

N/V

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41
Q

Withhold digoxin if:

A

pt has pulse less than 60bpm

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42
Q

Outcome associated with admin of digoxin

A

is increased urinary output

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43
Q

Common AE of erythromycin

A

NVD much more than most!!!!

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44
Q

Salicylism (Salicylate toxicity) S/S

A

tinnitus and decreased hearing
Headache
dizziness
sweating

Severe toxicity/Acute Poisoning: Metablolic acidosis & seizures

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45
Q

Hypoalbuminemia can result in…

A

excess free drug and an exaggerated effect

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46
Q

Highly protein bound drugs

A

Coumadin , benzos, barbituates

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47
Q

Major SE for NSAIDs

A 
GI irritation #1
nephrotoxicity
HTN
hypersensitivity
dyspnea
bronchospasm
rashes
CV risk
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48
Q

Actions of aspirin:

A

inhibit aggregation, inhibit prostgl. Synth. and blocks pain impulse transmission

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49
Q

Signs of Opioid Toxicity

A

Severe respiratory depression
Pinpoint pupils
Coma

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50
Q

Sign of Opioid withdrawal

A

irritability
anorexia
tremor
gooseflesh

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51
Q

Ergotism

A

Ischemia of the extremities: coolness, numbness, tingling & or gangrene of the extremities

52
Q

Cholinergic Receptors

A

Bind to Acetylcholine
Parasymathetic
-Nicotinic N, Nicotinic M, muscarinic

53
Q

Adrenergic

A

Bind to Epinephrine (adrenaline) & norepinephrine
Sympathetic
Alpha 1, Alpha 2, Beta1, Beta 2

54
Q

Alpha 1 Adrenergic

A

Vasoconstriction-skin, mucous membranes, viscera
Contraction of urinary sphincter
Mydriasis pupil dilation

55
Q

Alpha 2 Adrenergic

A

Inhibit transmitter release

56
Q

Beta 1 Adrenergic

A

HEART (“one heart”)

kidney renin release

57
Q

Beta 2 Adrenergic

A

“two lungs”
Bronchodilation
Relaxation of uterus
Vasodilation- heart, lung, skeletal muscle

58
Q

Dopamine

A

Renal dilation

used in treatment of shock b/c increases renal perfusion.

59
Q

Inotropic action

A

Increase force of contraction
Increase CO
Decreases systemic venous pressure

60
Q

Chronotropic effect

A

“Speed”
Negative Chronotropic =decreases HR
Positive Chronotropic = increases HR

61
Q

Prodysrhythmic action

A

Meds used to Tx dysrhythmias can cause dysrhythmias

62
Q

Nitroglycerin Contraindication

A

Viagra, Cialis, Levitra,

MAY BE FATAL - ABSOLUTE CONTRAINDICATION

63
Q

Statins

A

Most effective drugs to lower cholesterol

64
Q

Anti-infectives that work by INHIBITING bacterial cell wall SYNTHESIS

A

Penicillins

Cephalosporins

65
Q

Anti-infectives that work by INHIBITING protein SYNTHESIS

A

Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines
Erythromycin
Clindamycin

66
Q

Anti-infectives that work by interfering with SYNTHESIS of bacterial DNA

A

Flouroqinolones (Cipro)

Metronidazole (Flagyl)

67
Q

Anti-infectives that work by INHIBITING cell metabolism of FOLIC ACID

A

Sulfonamides

68
Q

Major AE of Aminoglycosides

A

Otoxocity (irreversible)

Nephrotoxicity (reversible)

69
Q

Suprainfection

A

new infection that appears during treatment of a primary infection

70
Q

AE of Opioids

A 
Hypotension #1
constipation
excessive sedation
respiratory depression
ICP
urinary retention
nausea
71
Q

Contraindications for live Vaccine

A

.

72
Q

What is the only IM NSAID

A

Toradol

73
Q

Pyridium (phenazopyridine)

A

Urinary analgesic used during UTI Tx

Causes Redish-orange color urine

74
Q

SE of Sulfonylureas

A

Hypoglycemia

Promotes insulin secretion by pancreas therefore decrease sugar in blood.

75
Q

MIC

A

Minimum inhibitory concentration- lowest concentration fo antibiotic that produces complete inhibition of bacterial growth (not death)

76
Q

MBC

A

Minimal bactericidal concentration -lowest concentration of drug that produces a 99.9% decline in the # of bacterial colonies.

77
Q

tinea pedis

A

Athletes foot

78
Q

tinea corporis

A

fungal body rash

79
Q

tinea cruris

A

“Jock itch”

80
Q

tinea capitis

A

fungal infection of the scalp

81
Q

Hypertension

A

AP = CO X PR

82
Q

Renal Processes

A

Filtration
Secretion
Reabsorption

(Cleanses & maintains ECF)

83
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

K+ >5 mEq/L

84
Q

Hirsutism

A

growth of hair in unwanted areas

85
Q

AE of Penicillins

A

Allergy

86
Q

Don’t use Cephalosporins if pt has an allergy to….

A

Penicillins

B/C both have beta lactam ring

87
Q

AE of Cephalosporins

A
  • Pseudomembranous colitis
  • Allergic reaction
  • thrombophlebitis
  • bleeding
88
Q

What should be monitored with Aminoglycosides?

A
  • Monitor peak & trough levels
  • Trough PRIOR to dose and peak 30-60 min after dose
  • Monitor BUN & Creatinine
89
Q

What antibiotic is used to Tx cholera, rocky mtn fever, chlamydia & acne?

A

Tetracycline

90
Q

Tetracycline is contraindicated in?

A

Renal disease
Pregnancy
Pts younger than 8 years old

91
Q

Pts taking Flagyl (Metronidazole) should avoid

A

Alcohol because of Antabuse effect

92
Q

What is used to tx topical and oral Candida infections

A

Nystatin

93
Q

Pts taking Tylenol should avoid

A
  • Alcohol due to Hepatoxicity

- Coumadin (Warfarin) bc increased risk of bleeding

94
Q

Prostaglandin inhibitor that ONLY effects the CNS

A

Tylenol

95
Q

Used to prevent blockage of coronary artery stents & reduce thrombic events

A

Clopidogrel (Plavix)

96
Q

Taken to prevent MI & Stroke

A

Aspirin

97
Q

Used to Tx Acute MI, DVT, Massive PE

A

Thrombolytics = Streptokinase (Streptase)

98
Q

Which Cardiac Medication causes cough when dose is too high?

A

ACE inhibitors

99
Q

S/S of Addison’s Disease

A

hypotension, hypoglycemic
GI disturbances, dehydration
weight loss, weakness, fatigue
Bronze pigmentation of skin

100
Q

S/S of Cushing’s Disease

A

Moon Face, fat deposits on back
thin extremities, thin skin, purple striae
hyperglycemia, bruises & petechiae
Na+ and fluid retention

101
Q

What disease is related to too little cortisol

A

Addison’s Disease

102
Q

What disease is related to too much cortisol

A

Cushing’s Disease

103
Q

What is used to Tx Acromegaly

A

Somatotropin

-inhibits GH release

104
Q

Used to Tx GH deficiency

A

Somatropin

  • before epiphyses of long bones close in children
  • pediatric non GH deficiency must be 2.25 SD below mean height for age group.
105
Q

Diabetes Insipidus is a result of

A

ADH (antidiuretic hormone) deficiency

106
Q

ADH replacement therapy meds

A

Vasopressin & desmopressin

107
Q

Aldosterone is a

A

Minderalcorticoid

108
Q

AE of Corticosteroids

A

PUD
Cataracts & Glaucoma
Hyperglycemia

109
Q

Major D-D interaction of Corticosteroids

A

Interactions related to potassium loss

  • Digoxin & Diuretics
  • NSAIDS
110
Q

Why does adrenocorticoid, predisone, have to be tapered?

A

to allow gradual reactivation of the HPA axis

111
Q

Long term use of corticosteriods require

A

An increased dose during times of additional stress such as illness, trauma or surgery

112
Q

Nursing Dx related to corticosteroid use

A

Fluid Volume Excess
Delayed wound healing (from long term use)
Risk for infection (long term use)

113
Q

Action of Thyroid hormone (TSH)

A

Increase BMR, HR, Contraction force
Increased O2 consumption & heat production
Increased O2 & CO2 demand

114
Q

Iodine deficiency

A

Goiter

115
Q

Excess release of TSH & TRH

A

Grave’s Disease

116
Q

Action of Propylthiouracil (PTU)

A

Used to tx Graves disease by

  • blocks thyroid hormone synthesis
  • suppress conversion of t4 to t3
117
Q

Cretinism

A

Severe Hypothyroidsim in children

low hairline, puffy eyelids, edematous face

118
Q

Myxedema

A

Severe Hypothyroidsim in adults.

119
Q

Rickets

A

Vit D deficiency

120
Q

Paget’s disease

A

Inflammatory skeletal disease

121
Q

Osteoporosis Prevention

A

Regular weight-bearing exercise
Sufficient intake of Ca & Vit D
Avoid excess alcohol
Avoid smoking

122
Q

Administration of Aldenronate (Fosamax) a Biphosphonate

A

Take on empty stomach
NO food, OJ or coffee within 30 min
Take with full-glass of water
Remain upright & avoid chewing/sucking tablet (to prevent esophagitis)

123
Q

Action of Androgens

A

stimulate erythropooiesis

124
Q

AE of Anabolic Steroids

A

Testicular atrophy

125
Q

Insulin Glargine (Lantus) is given

A

Once at bedtime 24hr duration

Pharmacology (6 decks)

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