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**Clinical Med** UoL by SJC > Pharmacology Facts > Flashcards

Pharmacology Facts Flashcards

1
Q

Which factor in the clotting cascade do Enoxaparin and Rivaroxaban act on ?

A

Enoxaparin inhibts Factor Xa (activated factor 10)

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2
Q

Which factor in the clotting cascade does Apixaban act on?

A

Apixaban inhibits factor Xa (activated factor 10)

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3
Q

How does Dabigatran work?

A

Direct thrombin inhibition preventing fibrin formation and hence clot development

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4
Q

What is the standard treatment for TB and what are their major side effects?

A

Rifampicin - Hepatitis, rashes, febrile reaction, orange/red secretions (N.B. contact lenses), many drug interactions including warfarin and OCP
Isoniazid - Hepatitis, rashes, peripheral neuropathy, psychosis
Pyrazinamide - Hepatitis, rashes, vomiting, arthralgia
Ethambutol - Retrobulbar neuritis

Therefore, MUST do a baseline visual acuity test and LFT’s which must be monitored closely

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5
Q

Give 3 examples of loop diuretics

A

Furosemide, bumetanide, torsemide

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6
Q

What is the main indication use of loop diuretics

A

Fluid overload

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7
Q

What is the mechanism of action of loop diuretics

A

Inhibit the NA K Cl- transporter in the loop of Henle

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8
Q

Name 2 thiazide or thiazide like diuretics

A

bendroflumethiazide, indapamide

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9
Q

main indications for use of thiazide diuretics

A

Hypertension, fluid overload

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10
Q

What is the mechanism of action of thiazide diuretics

A

Inhibits NaCl channel in distal convoluted tubule

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11
Q

The common side effects of thiazide diuretics

A

Hyponatraemia, hypokalaemia, dehydration, hypercalcaemia, hyperuricaemia, hypomagnesaemia, alkalosis

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12
Q

Where are loop diuretics metabolised

A

Liver and kidney

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13
Q

Where are thiazide diuretics metabolised

A

Kidney

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14
Q

Name 2 types of potassium sparing diuretics and name one drug in each category

A 
Aldosterone antagonists (spironolactone)
epithelial Na channel blockers (amiloride)
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15
Q

1 of the main indications for use of potassium sparing diuretics

A

Potassium losing tubulopathies, hypertension, heart failure

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16
Q

Common side effects of potassium sparing diuretics

A

Hypokalaemia, gynaecomastia

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17
Q

To avoid risk of hyperkalaemia which medications would you not prescribe along with potassium sparing diuretics

A

ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers

18
Q

Name 2 carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

A

Acetazolamide, brinzolamide

19
Q

Which ions do carbonic anhydrase inhibitors increase the renal excretion of

A

Sodium, potassium, bicarbonate

20
Q

4 common side-effects of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

A

Flushing, metabolic acidosis, liver failure and agranulocytosis

21
Q

What effect do carbonic anhydrase inhibitors have in the eye

A

Decrease production of aqueous humour (thus used for glaucoma)

22
Q

Name 4 examples of corticosteroids

A

Prednisolone, hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, triamcinolone

23
Q

6 of the common side effects of corticosteroids

A

Adrenal suppression, hyperglycaemia, psychosis, insomnia, indigestion, mood swings

24
Q

Lists some important but uncommon side effects of corticosteroids

A

Diabetes, cataracts, glaucoma, peptic ulceration, susceptibility to infections, osteoporosis, muscle wasting, skin thinning, Cushingoid appearance

25
Q

What should you consider prescribing with corticosteroids

A

PPI, bisphosphonates, (and issue them with a steroid card if long-term)

26
Q

How does tolvaptan work?

A

Vasopressin receptor 2 antagonist

27
Q

5 side effects of beta blockers

A 
bronchospasm,
cold peripheries,
fatigue,
sleep disturbances, including nightmares.
erectile dysfunction
28
Q

Which types of oral hypoglyceamiac agents (anti-diabetic drugs) typically cause weight loss?

A

GLP-1 agonists (-tides)

SGLT-2 inhibitors (-gliflozins)

29
Q

How does digoxin work?

A

Decreases conduction through the AV node (thus slowing ventricular rate in AF and A.flutter)
Increases force of cardiac muscle contraction due to inhibition of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump. Also stimulates vagus nerve.

30
Q

Why should verapamil not be given with beta blockers?

A

May cause heart block

31
Q

5 commonly used drugs that can cause peripheral neuropathy

A

Phenytoin
Amiodarone.
Isoniazid.
Nitrofurantoin

Metronidazole. (also Ciprofloxacin)
.
(PAIN MC)

32
Q

Mechanism of action for salbutamol

A

ß2-selective adrenergic agonists Increase cAMP in SMC’s resulting in relaxation and thus bronchodilation

33
Q

Name 2 long acting beta agonists

A

Formeterol, Salmeterol

34
Q

What type of drug is Ipratropium?

A

Anti-muscarinic

35
Q

Common side effects of ipratropium

A

Effects

Dry mouth, constipation, cough, headache

36
Q

What category of drugs are Aminophylline and Theophylline?

A

Xanthines

37
Q

Mechanism of action of Aminophylline

A

Block phosphodiesterases resulting in decreased cAMP breakdown causing bronchodilation (also positive chronotropic and inotropic effects, diuretic action)

38
Q

What are the toxic effects of aminophylline if overdosed?

A

Toxic effects are serious arrhythmias, seizures, N&V, hypotension (theraputic window is 10-20mg/L)

39
Q

Common side effects of aminophylline

A

Headache, GI upset, reflux, palpitations, dizziness

40
Q

Name 3 glucocorticoid steroids for inhalation

A

Beclomethasone, Budesonide, Fluticasone

**Clinical Med** UoL by SJC (10 decks)

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