Pharmacology Exam 3

Question 1

What are the 2 classes of anti-motility anti-diarrheals

Answer 1

anti-muscarinics and opiods

Question 2

dysentery

Answer 2

infectious diarrhea w/ blood and mucus

Question 3

Describe the 1) duration 2) causation and 3)prognosis of acute diarrhea

Answer 3

1) <2 weeks 2) infectious, diet, drugs, 3) self limiting - control fluids

Question 4

Describe the 1) duration 2) causation and 3) prognosis of chronic diarrhea

Answer 4

1) >2 weeks 2) IBS, IBD, malabsorptive syndromes, hormonal imbalances, chronic infections 3) fix underlying cause, usually milder diarrhea

Question 5

what are the 4 types of diarrhea

Answer 5

osmotic
secretory
malabsorptive
increased mucosal permeability

Question 6

What are the 2 most common forms of diarrhea?

Answer 6

osmotic and secretory

Question 7

What is the MOA of osmotic diarrhea

Answer 7

increased # of osmotically active particle in the intestinal lumen

Question 8

What is the MOA of secretory diarrhea

Answer 8

stimulation of secretory epithelial cells like crypt cells

Question 9

what are the 3 overarching categories to treat diarrhea?

Answer 9

1) rehydration 2) antimicrobials 3) antidiarrheals

Question 10

What are the first choice antibiotics for E. coli and Salmonella

Answer 10

enrofloxacin, amoxicillin, or co-trimoxazole

Question 11

What is the first choice antibiotic for campylobacter?

Answer 11

azithromycin

Question 12

what is the first choice antibiotic for C. perfringens

Answer 12

metronidazole (not really) and amoxicillin

Question 13

Name 2 anti-protozoa antiparasitics

Answer 13

1) metronidazole 2) paromomycin

Question 14

Name 2 anthelmintic anti-parasitics

Answer 14

albenazole and menbendazole

Question 15

What are the 3 types of anti-diarrheals drugs

Answer 15

1) adsorbents 2) anti-motility 3) mucosal protectants

Question 16

What is the MOA of adsorbents

Answer 16

adsorb microbes, toxins, noxious materials and elimination in stool

Question 17

Which adsorbent is safe for pregnancy

Answer 17

Kaolin (Al silicate) and pectin

Question 18

What are three drug adsorbents

Answer 18

kaolin (Al silicate) or pectin, activated charcoal, diosmectite

Question 19

What drug agent is an antimuscarinic

Answer 19

atropine

Question 20

what are the 2 opioid anti-motility agents?

Answer 20

Diphenoxylate and loperamide

Question 21

T or F. Loperamide is more potent, faster and less absorbed than diphenoxylate

Answer 21

True

Question 22

What is the MOA of opioid anti-motility drugs

Answer 22

stimulate opioid receptors mu, kappa and delta in the intestines to decrease enteric neurotransmission, increase muscle tone

Question 23

T or F. Loperamide is a schedule II drug and is not available OTC

Answer 23

T

Question 24

T or F. opioid anti-diarrheals cause sedation in cats

Answer 24

F - excitation

Question 25

What drug do you use to treat diarrhea as the result of bile acid malabsorption

Answer 25

cholestyramine

Question 26

What drug is a mucosal protectant for anti-diarrheals

Answer 26

colloidal bismuth subsalicylate

Question 27

T or F. Salicylate can be toxic to cats

Answer 27

T

Question 28

What component of colloidal bismuth subsalicylate can cause black/brown teeth and stool staining

Answer 28

bismuth

Question 29

What species cannot vomit

Answer 29

horses, ruminants (they can, but shouldn't), rodents, rabbits

Question 30

Medulla oblongata contains these 2 vital centers important for vomiting

Answer 30

CTZ and VC

Question 31

The VC sends signals to the skeletal abdominal centers to do what?

Answer 31

contract the stomach muscle and relax the lower esophageal sphincter to allow gastric contents upward

Question 32

Which vital center - VC or CTZ is more in control of vomiting?

Answer 32

VC

Question 33

What are the 5 inputs that can send signals to the VC?

Answer 33

1) CTZ 2) vestibular system 3) pharynx 4) stomach 5) cerebral cortex

Question 34

What 2 receptors are found in the CTZ?

Answer 34

5HT3 and D2 receptors

Question 35

What 4 receptors are found in the VC?

Answer 35

H1, M1, 5HT3 and NK1

Question 36

T or F. semicircular canals contain endolymph fluid and send signals to the cerebellum via the vestibulocochlear nerve

Answer 36

T

Question 37

What 2 receptors are involved in motion sickness as a result of overstimulation of inner ear?

Answer 37

H1 and M1

Question 38

What is the only veterinary approved anti-emetic?

Answer 38

maropitant

Question 39

What is the ligand for 5HT3 receptor?

Answer 39

serotonin

Question 40

What is the neurotransmitter for alpha-2 receptor?

Answer 40

norepinephrine

Question 41

What is the stimulant for M1 receptor?

Answer 41

ACH

Question 42

T or F. maropitant is an alpha2 receptor agonist

Answer 42

F - no drugs work on alpha2 receptor to stop vomiting

Question 43

Maropitant is the only approved veterinary drug and works on this receptor

Answer 43

NK1

Question 44

Metochlopramide works on this receptor

Answer 44

D2

Question 45

What 4 drugs work on H1 receptor

Answer 45

Dimenhydrinate, meclizine, cyclizine, diphenhydramine

Question 46

Hyoscine aka scopolamine works on this receptor

Answer 46

M1

Question 47

What drug causes extra pyramidal symptoms as an adverse effect?

Answer 47

D2 blockers

Question 48

What are extra pyramidal symptoms?

Answer 48

tremors, twitching, dystonia and QT interval prolongation

Question 49

T or F. NK1 blockers are generally well-tolerated

Answer 49

T

Question 50

What 2 classes of anti-emetics can anticholinergic aka antimuscarinic effects

Answer 50

M1 and H1

Question 51

What H1 receptor blocker is not safe for use in pregnant animals

Answer 51

meclizine hydrochloride

Question 52

This anti-emetic works both peripherally and centrally to block this receptor?

Answer 52

5HT3

Question 53

What are 3 other peripherally acting anti-emetics?

Answer 53

1) H2 antagonists 2) coating agents 3) prokinetic agents

Question 54

Name an H2 antagonist used to decrease HCl secretions and hopefully prevent gastric afferent neurotransmission to VC?

Answer 54

famotidine

Question 55

T or F. Bismuth sub-salicylate can be used as both an anti-diarrheal and an anti-emetic

Answer 55

True