Pharmacology Exam 3 Flashcards
What are the 2 classes of anti-motility anti-diarrheals
anti-muscarinics and opiods
dysentery
infectious diarrhea w/ blood and mucus
Describe the 1) duration 2) causation and 3)prognosis of acute diarrhea
1) <2 weeks 2) infectious, diet, drugs, 3) self limiting - control fluids
Describe the 1) duration 2) causation and 3) prognosis of chronic diarrhea
1) >2 weeks 2) IBS, IBD, malabsorptive syndromes, hormonal imbalances, chronic infections 3) fix underlying cause, usually milder diarrhea
what are the 4 types of diarrhea
osmotic
secretory
malabsorptive
increased mucosal permeability
What are the 2 most common forms of diarrhea?
osmotic and secretory
What is the MOA of osmotic diarrhea
increased # of osmotically active particle in the intestinal lumen
What is the MOA of secretory diarrhea
stimulation of secretory epithelial cells like crypt cells
what are the 3 overarching categories to treat diarrhea?
1) rehydration 2) antimicrobials 3) antidiarrheals
What are the first choice antibiotics for E. coli and Salmonella
enrofloxacin, amoxicillin, or co-trimoxazole
What is the first choice antibiotic for campylobacter?
azithromycin
what is the first choice antibiotic for C. perfringens
metronidazole (not really) and amoxicillin
Name 2 anti-protozoa antiparasitics
1) metronidazole 2) paromomycin
Name 2 anthelmintic anti-parasitics
albenazole and menbendazole
What are the 3 types of anti-diarrheals drugs
1) adsorbents 2) anti-motility 3) mucosal protectants
What is the MOA of adsorbents
adsorb microbes, toxins, noxious materials and elimination in stool
Which adsorbent is safe for pregnancy
Kaolin (Al silicate) and pectin
What are three drug adsorbents
kaolin (Al silicate) or pectin, activated charcoal, diosmectite
What drug agent is an antimuscarinic
atropine
what are the 2 opioid anti-motility agents?
Diphenoxylate and loperamide
T or F. Loperamide is more potent, faster and less absorbed than diphenoxylate
True
What is the MOA of opioid anti-motility drugs
stimulate opioid receptors mu, kappa and delta in the intestines to decrease enteric neurotransmission, increase muscle tone
T or F. Loperamide is a schedule II drug and is not available OTC
T
T or F. opioid anti-diarrheals cause sedation in cats
F - excitation
What drug do you use to treat diarrhea as the result of bile acid malabsorption
cholestyramine
What drug is a mucosal protectant for anti-diarrheals
colloidal bismuth subsalicylate
T or F. Salicylate can be toxic to cats
T
What component of colloidal bismuth subsalicylate can cause black/brown teeth and stool staining
bismuth
What species cannot vomit
horses, ruminants (they can, but shouldn’t), rodents, rabbits
Medulla oblongata contains these 2 vital centers important for vomiting
CTZ and VC
The VC sends signals to the skeletal abdominal centers to do what?
contract the stomach muscle and relax the lower esophageal sphincter to allow gastric contents upward
Which vital center - VC or CTZ is more in control of vomiting?
VC
What are the 5 inputs that can send signals to the VC?
1) CTZ
2) vestibular system
3) pharynx
4) stomach
5) cerebral cortex
What 2 receptors are found in the CTZ?
5HT3 and D2 receptors
What 4 receptors are found in the VC?
H1, M1, 5HT3 and NK1
T or F. semicircular canals contain endolymph fluid and send signals to the cerebellum via the vestibulocochlear nerve
T
What 2 receptors are involved in motion sickness as a result of overstimulation of inner ear?
H1 and M1
What is the only veterinary approved anti-emetic?
maropitant
What is the ligand for 5HT3 receptor?
serotonin
What is the neurotransmitter for alpha-2 receptor?
norepinephrine
What is the stimulant for M1 receptor?
ACH
T or F. maropitant is an alpha2 receptor agonist
F - no drugs work on alpha2 receptor to stop vomiting
Maropitant is the only approved veterinary drug and works on this receptor
NK1
Metochlopramide works on this receptor
D2
What 4 drugs work on H1 receptor
Dimenhydrinate, meclizine, cyclizine, diphenhydramine
Hyoscine aka scopolamine works on this receptor
M1
What drug causes extra pyramidal symptoms as an adverse effect?
D2 blockers
What are extra pyramidal symptoms?
tremors, twitching, dystonia and QT interval prolongation
T or F. NK1 blockers are generally well-tolerated
T
What 2 classes of anti-emetics can anticholinergic aka antimuscarinic effects
M1 and H1
What H1 receptor blocker is not safe for use in pregnant animals
meclizine hydrochloride
This anti-emetic works both peripherally and centrally to block this receptor?
5HT3
What are 3 other peripherally acting anti-emetics?
1) H2 antagonists
2) coating agents
3) prokinetic agents
Name an H2 antagonist used to decrease HCl secretions and hopefully prevent gastric afferent neurotransmission to VC?
famotidine
T or F. Bismuth sub-salicylate can be used as both an anti-diarrheal and an anti-emetic
True
