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Spring 2024 Finals > Pharmacology Exam 3 > Flashcards

Pharmacology Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 classes of anti-motility anti-diarrheals

A

anti-muscarinics and opiods

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2
Q

dysentery

A

infectious diarrhea w/ blood and mucus

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3
Q

Describe the 1) duration 2) causation and 3)prognosis of acute diarrhea

A

1) <2 weeks 2) infectious, diet, drugs, 3) self limiting - control fluids

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4
Q

Describe the 1) duration 2) causation and 3) prognosis of chronic diarrhea

A

1) >2 weeks 2) IBS, IBD, malabsorptive syndromes, hormonal imbalances, chronic infections 3) fix underlying cause, usually milder diarrhea

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5
Q

what are the 4 types of diarrhea

A

osmotic
secretory
malabsorptive
increased mucosal permeability

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6
Q

What are the 2 most common forms of diarrhea?

A

osmotic and secretory

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7
Q

What is the MOA of osmotic diarrhea

A

increased # of osmotically active particle in the intestinal lumen

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8
Q

What is the MOA of secretory diarrhea

A

stimulation of secretory epithelial cells like crypt cells

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9
Q

what are the 3 overarching categories to treat diarrhea?

A

1) rehydration 2) antimicrobials 3) antidiarrheals

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10
Q

What are the first choice antibiotics for E. coli and Salmonella

A

enrofloxacin, amoxicillin, or co-trimoxazole

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11
Q

What is the first choice antibiotic for campylobacter?

A

azithromycin

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12
Q

what is the first choice antibiotic for C. perfringens

A

metronidazole (not really) and amoxicillin

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13
Q

Name 2 anti-protozoa antiparasitics

A

1) metronidazole 2) paromomycin

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14
Q

Name 2 anthelmintic anti-parasitics

A

albenazole and menbendazole

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15
Q

What are the 3 types of anti-diarrheals drugs

A

1) adsorbents 2) anti-motility 3) mucosal protectants

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16
Q

What is the MOA of adsorbents

A

adsorb microbes, toxins, noxious materials and elimination in stool

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17
Q

Which adsorbent is safe for pregnancy

A

Kaolin (Al silicate) and pectin

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18
Q

What are three drug adsorbents

A

kaolin (Al silicate) or pectin, activated charcoal, diosmectite

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19
Q

What drug agent is an antimuscarinic

A

atropine

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20
Q

what are the 2 opioid anti-motility agents?

A

Diphenoxylate and loperamide

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21
Q

T or F. Loperamide is more potent, faster and less absorbed than diphenoxylate

A

True

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22
Q

What is the MOA of opioid anti-motility drugs

A

stimulate opioid receptors mu, kappa and delta in the intestines to decrease enteric neurotransmission, increase muscle tone

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23
Q

T or F. Loperamide is a schedule II drug and is not available OTC

A

T

24
Q

T or F. opioid anti-diarrheals cause sedation in cats

A

F - excitation

25
Q

What drug do you use to treat diarrhea as the result of bile acid malabsorption

A

cholestyramine

26
Q

What drug is a mucosal protectant for anti-diarrheals

A

colloidal bismuth subsalicylate

27
Q

T or F. Salicylate can be toxic to cats

A

T

28
Q

What component of colloidal bismuth subsalicylate can cause black/brown teeth and stool staining

A

bismuth

29
Q

What species cannot vomit

A

horses, ruminants (they can, but shouldn’t), rodents, rabbits

30
Q

Medulla oblongata contains these 2 vital centers important for vomiting

A

CTZ and VC

31
Q

The VC sends signals to the skeletal abdominal centers to do what?

A

contract the stomach muscle and relax the lower esophageal sphincter to allow gastric contents upward

32
Q

Which vital center - VC or CTZ is more in control of vomiting?

A

VC

33
Q

What are the 5 inputs that can send signals to the VC?

A

1) CTZ
2) vestibular system
3) pharynx
4) stomach
5) cerebral cortex

34
Q

What 2 receptors are found in the CTZ?

A

5HT3 and D2 receptors

35
Q

What 4 receptors are found in the VC?

A

H1, M1, 5HT3 and NK1

36
Q

T or F. semicircular canals contain endolymph fluid and send signals to the cerebellum via the vestibulocochlear nerve

A

T

37
Q

What 2 receptors are involved in motion sickness as a result of overstimulation of inner ear?

A

H1 and M1

38
Q

What is the only veterinary approved anti-emetic?

A

maropitant

39
Q

What is the ligand for 5HT3 receptor?

A

serotonin

40
Q

What is the neurotransmitter for alpha-2 receptor?

A

norepinephrine

41
Q

What is the stimulant for M1 receptor?

A

ACH

42
Q

T or F. maropitant is an alpha2 receptor agonist

A

F - no drugs work on alpha2 receptor to stop vomiting

43
Q

Maropitant is the only approved veterinary drug and works on this receptor

A

NK1

44
Q

Metochlopramide works on this receptor

A

D2

45
Q

What 4 drugs work on H1 receptor

A

Dimenhydrinate, meclizine, cyclizine, diphenhydramine

46
Q

Hyoscine aka scopolamine works on this receptor

A

M1

47
Q

What drug causes extra pyramidal symptoms as an adverse effect?

A

D2 blockers

48
Q

What are extra pyramidal symptoms?

A

tremors, twitching, dystonia and QT interval prolongation

49
Q

T or F. NK1 blockers are generally well-tolerated

A

T

50
Q

What 2 classes of anti-emetics can anticholinergic aka antimuscarinic effects

A

M1 and H1

51
Q

What H1 receptor blocker is not safe for use in pregnant animals

A

meclizine hydrochloride

52
Q

This anti-emetic works both peripherally and centrally to block this receptor?

A

5HT3

53
Q

What are 3 other peripherally acting anti-emetics?

A

1) H2 antagonists
2) coating agents
3) prokinetic agents

54
Q

Name an H2 antagonist used to decrease HCl secretions and hopefully prevent gastric afferent neurotransmission to VC?

A

famotidine

55
Q

T or F. Bismuth sub-salicylate can be used as both an anti-diarrheal and an anti-emetic

A

True

56
Q
A

Spring 2024 Finals (1 decks)

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