Pharmacology Exam 1 Flashcards
Chemical name
A drug name that is derived from the specific chemical structure of the compound. Chemical names are not used clinically but are shortened in some way to form the drug’s generic name.
Controlled substances
Drugs designated by the federal government as having increased potential for abuse and illegal use. These substances are grouped into five categories (schedules), with schedule I substances having the highest abuse potential and schedule V substances having a relatively low potential for abuse.
Dose-response curve
The relationship between incremental doses of a drug and the magnitude of the reaction that those doses will cause.
Generic name
The name applied to a drug, which is not protected by a trademark; usually a shortened version of the drug’s chemical name (SYN: nonproprietary name).
Median effective dose (ED50)
The drug dose that produces a specific therapeutic response in 50 percent of the patients in whom it is tested.
Median lethal dose (LD50)
The drug dose that causes death in 50 percent of the experimental animals in which it is tested.
Median toxic dose (TD50)
The drug dose that produces a specific adverse (toxic) response in 50 percent of the patients in whom it is tested.
Nonproprietary name
A drug name that is usually a shortened version of the drug’s chemical name and is recognized as the standard name for that drug regardless of the drug’s trade or brand names (SYN: generic name).
Off-label prescribing
A drug is prescribed to treat conditions other than those approved by the FDA.
Orphan drugs
Drugs that are designed and approved to treat rare diseases. Because these drugs are only used in a small patient population (usually less than 200,000 people), financial and other incentives are often provided by various sources to encourage a drug company to develop and market the drug.
Over-the-counter drugs (OTC)
Drugs that can be purchased directly by the consumer without a prescription (SYN: nonprescription drugs).
Pharmacodynamics
The study of how drugs affect the body—that is, the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of drug action.
Pharmacogenetics
The study of the how genetic variability can influence drug responses and metabolism.
Pharmacokinetics
The study of how the body handles drugs—that is, the manner in which drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted.
Pharmacotherapeutics
The study of how drugs are used in the prevention and treatment of disease.
Pharmacy
The professional discipline dealing with the preparation and dispensing of medications.
Potency
The dose of a drug that produces a given response in a specific amplitude. When two drugs are compared, the more potent drug will produce a given response at a lower dose.
Therapeutic index (TI)
A ratio used to represent the relative safety of a particular drug; the larger the therapeutic index, the safer the drug. It is calculated as the median toxic dose divided by the median effective dose. (In animal trials, the median lethal dose is often substituted for the median toxic dose.)
Toxicology
The study of the harmful effects of drugs and other chemicals.
Trade name
The name given to a drug by the pharmaceutical company; it is protected by a trademark and used by the company for marketing the drug (SYN: brand name or proprietary name).
Bioavailability
The extent to which a drug reaches the systemic circulation following administration by various routes.
Buccal
Referring to the cheek. Drugs administered buccally are placed between the cheek and gum and are absorbed into the circulation from the mucosa lining the gums and inner cheek.
Enteral administration
Administration of drugs by way of the alimentary canal.
First-pass effect
The phenomenon in which drugs absorbed from the stomach and small intestine must pass through the liver before reaching the systemic circulation. Certain drugs undergo extensive hepatic metabolism because of this first pass through the liver.
Intrathecal
Administration of substances within a sheath; typically refers to injection into the sub-arachnoid space surrounding the spinal cord.
Parenteral administration
Administration of drugs by routes other than via the alimentary canal: by injection, transdermally, topically, and so on.
Proton pump
An enzyme that moves hydrogen ions (protons) across the cell membrane. The gastric proton pump transports hydrogen ions into the stomach; drugs that inhibit this enzyme are known as proton pump inhibitors, and these drugs are used to reduce the formation and effects of excess gastric acid.
Sublingual
Under the tongue; drugs administered sublingually are absorbed into the systemic circulation via the venous drainage from underneath the tongue.
Volume of distribution (Vd)
A ratio used to estimate the distribution of a drug within the body relative to the total amount of fluid in the body. It is calculated as the amount of drug administered divided by the plasma concentration of the drug.
Biotransformation
Biochemical changes that occur to the drug within the body, usually resulting in the breakdown and inactivation of the drug (SYN: drug metabolism).
Clearance
The process by which the active form of the drug is removed from the bloodstream by either metabolism or excretion.