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VETS3050 VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY > Pharmacology Concepts/ Definitions > Flashcards

Pharmacology Concepts/ Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Grand mal

A

Intra cranial causes include: Encephalitis, hydrocephalus, trauma, epilepsy
Extracranial causes include Hepatoecephalopathy, toxicity (lead, paraldehyde), hypoglycemia & hypocalcemia.

Typically 4 phases:

  1. Prodromal: mild behavior change
  2. Aura: pronounced change in behavior prior to seizure
  3. Fit/ seizure
  4. Post ictal: associated with disorientation (these are characterised from human experience)
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2
Q

Petit mal

A

Partial Seizure:

  • Characterized by a short period of unconsciousness
  • May not be common in animals
  • Sometimes classed as a partial seizure or focal seizure

Jacksonian seizure: slow-moving tonic spasm in appendage
Psychomotor: unusual behaviors

NB: In all cases seizures are a result of overstimulation and excessive electrical activity

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3
Q

Phenothiazines

A

Dopamine antagonist + anticholinergic, anti-histamine, and adrenergic (α) blocker

  • Antiemetic
  • Not useful for seizures or storms/fireworks
  • No analgesia!
  • Hypotensive

Examples: Acepromazine, Chlorpromazine, Promazine.

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4
Q

S.L.U.D.G.E - symptoms of Organophosphate poisoning

A
  • Salivation
  • Lacrimation
  • Urination
  • Defecation
  • Gastrointestinal problems
  • Emesis
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5
Q

a1 Receptor

A
  • Activation causes the release of intracellular Ca2+ stores excitatory effects
  • Found mainly on smooth muscle (contraction)
  • Decreased smooth m. motility (GIT)
  • Mydrisis (pupil dilation)
  • Sphincter contraction (Bladder)
  • Increased glycogenolysis (Liver)
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6
Q

a2 Receptor

A
  • Activation causes inhibitory effects
  • Located pre-synaptically (pre-synaptic inhibition of NA release)
  • Decreased smooth m. motility (GIT)
  • GIT sphincter constriction
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7
Q

B1 Receptor

A
  • Activation causes increased Ca2+ conductance
  • Located mainly on cardiac muscle (increased HR and contractility)
  • Receptor on the heart that causes it beat faster and stronger
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8
Q

B2 Receptor

A
  • Activation causes phosphorylation of intracellular proteins
  • Located mainly on smooth muscle (relaxation)
  • Dilates (causes bronchodilation, vasodilation)
  • Decreased smooth muscle motility (GIT)
  • Smooth m. relaxation (bladder)
  • increased gluconeogenesis
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9
Q

B3 Receptor

A
  • Found mainly on adipose tissue (lipolysis & thermogenesis)

- Mainly associated with hibernation of animals

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10
Q

Tricyclic Antidepressants

A

Three main effects of these drugs:

  • Block reuptake of amines
  • Anticholinergic (muscarinic)
  • (also H1 and α1 adrenergic antagonist)
  • Sedative
  • Required twice a day

Dogs: Anxiety, some aggression, separation anxiety, noise phobias, OCD
Cats: Anxiety, spraying, over-grooming

Example Drugs:
Amitriptyline: Used in small animals, takes 10-14+ days
Nortriptyline: Has active secondary metabolites
Doxepin: Has anti histamine effects, Useful for anxious pruritus
Clomipramine: 200X serotonin > norepinephrine, generally for OCD, takes 6-8 weeks to take effect, can permanently affect neuroreceptor (withdraw use)

Side Effects:

  • Sedation
  • Anti cholinergic = dry mouth, increased thirst, urinary retention, constipation
  • Tachycardia
  • Ataxia
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11
Q

SSRI’s (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)

A

Cats: anxiety, spraying, OCD
Dogs: Anxiety, some aggression, separation anxiety, noise phobias, OCD
- Require 6-8 weeks to effect
- Only need once a day

Side effects:

  • Hepatic/ Liver dysfunction
  • GIT (lots of serotonin receptors), diarrhoea
  • Increased anxiety

Example drugs:
Fluoxetine, Fluvoxamine, Paroxetine, Sertraline

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12
Q

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI’s)

A

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI’s)
- Selegiline Fears, phobias and age-related problems esp. canine cognitive dysfunction

Side effects:

  • GI effects, restlessness or lethargy, anorexia
  • Hyperactivity
  • Depression

Contraindication:
- Do not combine with SSRIs, ephedrine, opioids, phenylpropanolamine

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13
Q

Glucocorticosteroids

A
  • Corticosteroids stabilise cell membranes and prevent release of arachidonic acid (and histamine), which disrupts the inflammatory mediator pathway
  • Induce gluconeogenesis in the liver
  • Provide some control over allergies
  • NOT analgesics
  • Delay healing
  • Increase susceptibility to infections (may activate latent infections)
  • Antagonize insulin (beware diabetic patients)
  • NOTE: Adverse side effects are dose and/or frequency related

USE:

  • Control of immune mediated diseases
  • Reduce inflammation and scarring
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14
Q

NSAIDs

A
  • NSAIDs stop the release of COX-1 and COX-2, blocking pain (nociception).
  • Can have COX specific and dual inhibitor NSAIDs depending on the desired outcome.
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15
Q

COX-1

A

COX-1:
- Inhibition is often undesirable

  • Homeostatic function
  • Nociceptor sensitization (central & peripheral)
  • Increased gastric mucus secretion
  • Reduced acid secretion
  • Increased bicarbonate secretion
  • Increased gastric mucosal cell turnover
  • Increased platelet aggregation (clotting)
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16
Q

COX-2

A

COX-2:

  • Inhibition often is desirable
  • Inflammation
  • Nociceptor sensitization
  • Vasodilation
  • Inhibition of platelet aggregation
  • Increased Na excretion (inhibited reabsorption)
  • Altered renal blood flow
17
Q

Antiarrhythmic Drugs

A

Class One (I):

  • Membrane stabilisers that block voltage-gated sodium channels
  • Increases the refractory period
  • Class 1a, 1b, 1c

Class Two (II):

  • B blockers that antagonize adrenergic receptors
  • Slow AV conduction and reduce contractility
  • Longer fill time (reduced HR)
  • Decreased oxygen demand in the myocardium
  • Propranolol (non-selective), atenolol (selective B1)

Class Three (III):

  • K+ channel blockers
  • Antifibrillatory
    (e. g.) Amiodarone, Sotalol

Class Four (IV):

  • Ca channel Blockers
  • Decreased heart rate
  • Decreased AV conduction and decreased contractility
    (e. g.) Verapamil and Diltiazem
18
Q

What concurrent findings accompany severe liver disease?

A
  • Ascites/oedema/pulmonary oedema (from hypoproteinaemia)
  • Polyuria (decreased urea synthesis)
  • Anaemia
  • Hypocalcaemia ( decrease in albumin bound Ca and decrease in Vitamin D conversion)
  • Hypoglycaemia
  • Hypothermia
  • Blood clotting
  • Jaundice
  • Increase in blood ammonia, bile acids, acid base & electrolyte abnormalities
  • Hepatic encephalopathy
  • Autonomic dysfunction (esp. chronic liver disease) causes increased circulating vasodilators and decreased response to vasoconstrictors
19
Q

Type A Adverse Drug Reactions

A

Type A (augmented) reactions:

  • Expected but exaggerated pharmacological or toxic responses to a drug
  • Primary response exaggeration of the intended response (absolute or relative overdose)
  • Secondary response affecting an organ other than the target (side effects)
  • The reaction is predictable, dose dependent and usually avoidable.
  • Includes the normal side effects of the drug

(E.g.)

  • Tachycardia with β2 adrenoceptor agonist bronchodilators (e.g. salbutamol, terbutaline)
  • Hypotension with Acepromazine
20
Q

Type B Adverse Drug Reactions

A

Type B (Bizarre) reactions:

  • Not related to the drug’s expected pharmacological effects
  • Unpredictable, dose independent, difficult to avoid
  • High mortality
  1. Drug allergies or drug hypersensitivity reactions
    (e. g.) Penicillin allergy
  2. Idiosyncratic reactions
    (e .g.) malignant hyperthermia
  3. Anaphylactoid reactions
    (e .g.) histamine release on first exposure to the drug as with Cremaphor in “Saffan”
  4. Allergic or hypersensitivity reactions:
    - Drugs may act as haptens or as antigens
    - Can occur with the active or the excipient
    - Require previous exposure
    - Severity does not correspond to the dose given
    - Cross sensitivity may be seen to drugs with a related structure
    (e. g.) A dog allergic to Penicillin G may also be allergic to amoxycillin
21
Q

Type C Adverse Drug Reactions

A

Type C (Chronic) Reactions:

  • Related to the cumulative dose and duration of administration
    (e. g.) Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis suppression with long term corticosteroid administration
    (e. g.) gastric bleeding after administering naproxen to a dog for 10 days (elimination half life = 72 hours)
22
Q

Type D Adverse drug reactions

A

Type D (delayed) reactions:

  • Time-related
  • Usually dose-related
  • Becomes apparent sometime after the use of the drug
  • Uncommon
    (e. g.) Carcinogenesis
23
Q

Type E Adverse Drug Reactions:

A 
Type E (end of use) Reactions:
- Occurs soon after the withdrawal of the drug

(e. g.) Opioid withdrawal
(e. g.) Hypoadrenocorticism after withdrawal of long term corticosteroids

24
Q

Type F Adverse Drug Reactions:

A

Type F (failure) Reactions:

  • Unexpected failure of therapy
  • Dose-related
  • May be caused by drug interactions
    (e. g.) A drug that induces liver enzymes may result in the increased rate of elimination of a drug metabolized by those enzymes
25
Q

Pharmacological Drug Interactions vs Pharmaceutical Drug Interactions

A

Pharmacological Interactions:

  • Pharmacodynamic Interactions:
  • One drug might increase or decrease the effects of another
  • (e.g.) Co-administration of NSAIDs and glucocorticoids

Pharmaceutical interactions:

  • May occur in the syringe or before absorption
  • (e.g.) in a liquid dosage form one drug precipitates another (diazepam in IV fluids).
26
Q

Important considerations for drug dosing in the neonate

A

In the neonate there may be:

  • More efficient absorption from the GI tract
  • Increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier
  • Decreased plasma protein binding (ppb) and increased volume of distribution (vd) and subsequent slower elimination
  • This may be seen as increased drug efficacy or toxicity
  • Oral administration of antibiotics may upset the colonization of the GI tract with bacteria
  • Hepatic microsomal enzymes develop slowly and at different rates in different species (between 1-8 weeks of age).
  • Renal excretion is poorly developed in neonates
27
Q

Which of the following drugs may be administered via the intra-tracheal route during CPR?

A 
ALADIN: 
A: Adrenaline
L: Lignocaine
A: Atropine
D: Diazepam
I: Isoprenaline
N: Naloxone
28
Q

Adverse events of vaccines

A
  • General Malaise (lethargy, fever, inappetence)
  • Discomfort or pain at the injection site
  • Mild respiratory signs
  • Anaphylaxis
  • ‘Blue eye’ (antigen-antibody complex with CAV-1)
  • Allergies
  • Birth defects (live vaccines)
  • Lameness
  • Neoplastic changes (Injection site sarcomas)
  • Autoimmune disease
29
Q

Adverse effects of antihistamines

A
  • Central nervous system depression
  • Central nervous system excitation
  • GI disturbances (vomiting, diarrhea)
  • Cardiac arrhythmias
  • Pain at injection site
30
Q

Antibiotics of cattle

A

Procaine G Penicillin:

  • Most common
  • Bacteriocidal (kills bacteria)
  • Disrupts cell-wall synthesis (effective against Gram-positive)

Oxytetracycline:

  • Bacteriostatic (prevents the growth of bacteria)
  • Broad spectrum
  • Effective against Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and Mycoplasma

Cephalosporines:

  • Bactericidal (kills bacteria)
  • First to third generation
  • The third generation is extremely important in AMR
  • Should NOT be your first choice of treatment
  • No milk withhold

Sulphonamides: (Sulfadimidine, sulfadiazine)
- Bacteriostatic

Trimethoprim + Sulphadiazine:

  • Broader spectrum
  • Bactericidal
  • Anticoccidial activity
  • Resistance to sulfonamide
  • Renal excretion

Macrolides: (Erythromycin, Tylosin, Tulathromycin and Tilmicosin)

  • Bacteriostatic
  • Inhibit protein synthesis
  • Bactericidal (in higher doses)
  • Primarily Gram-positive bacteria and Mycoplasma
  • No CNS distribution

Erythromycin:

  • Alternative to penicillin
  • Use for mastitis in cattle

Tylosin:

  • Gram-positive and mycoplasma infection
  • Useful for Mastitis, but is a narrow spectrum
  • Used in feed as a growth promotant

Tulathromycin:

  • Respiratory infections
  • Single injection
  • Not used in adult cattle producing milk.
  • Not used in bobby calves

Tilmicosin / Micotil:

  • Narrow Spectrum
  • Concentrates and persists in tissue / especially the lungs
  • Use in BRD and Calf pneumonia
  • IV can cause death!
  • Not used in milking cows.
  • Can cause death in humans!
31
Q

NSAID Toxicity

A
  • GIT disturbances (Colic)
  • Hypoproteinemia
  • Renal toxicity (Nephrotoxicity)
  • Bruxism (teeth grinding due to gastric ulceration)
  • Inhibition of bone healing
32
Q

Banned drugs in racing animals

A
  1. Erythropoiesis - stimulating agents, including but not limited to erythropoietin (EPO)
  2. Insulins
  3. Growth Hormones
  4. Insulin-like growth factor-1
  5. Schedule 8 and 9 substances

Some S8s are exempted - e.g. butorphanol, ketamine, methadone, morphine, and pethidine.

Other excluded substances:

  1. Antimicrobials (except procaine penicillin)
  2. Antiparasitics that are approved and registered for use in horses
  3. Ranitidine (ulcer)
  4. Omeprazole (ulcer)
  5. Ambroxol (mucolytic)
  6. Bromhexadine (mucolytic)
  7. Dembrexine (mucolytic)
  8. Registered vaccines (Hendra, TAT etc) (5 days clear required)
  9. Orally administered glucosamine, chondroitin sulphate
33
Q

Treatment records for racing animals

A
  1. Name of Horse
  2. Date and Time
  3. Name of the treatment or medication
  4. Route of administration
  5. Amount of medication given
  6. The duration of treatment (if applicable)
34
Q

Chemotherapy protocols

A

Multiagent protocol:

  • CHOP protocol (B Cell), LOPP (T Cell)
  • Use drugs with differing modes of action
  • Survival times (12-15 months)

Single-agent protocol:

  • Fewer drug doses
  • Shorter survival time (6-8 months)

Metronomic chemotherapy:

  • Fixed, low-dose continuous chemotherapy
  • Administered daily/ weekly over prolonged periods (months to years)
  • Minimal or no drug-free breaks
  • Less side effects
  • Improved consistency and duration of tx

Targeted Therapy:

VETS3050 VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY (3 decks)

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