Pharmacology Chapter 9-12 Flashcards
Where can you found IV?
OR
if use two IV’s at same time, a primary and secondary tubing is used and called
Piggyback
inhibits Vietnam k
Coumarin
surgical procedure for extracapsular cataract extraction using ultrasonic vibrations that break up the lens
phacoemulsification
paralytic agent that dilate the pupil by paralyzing the sphincter muscle of the iris
mydriatics
paralytic agent that dilat the pupil
cycloplegics
what is the female Hemoglobin
12-16g/10 mL
What is the male Hemoglobin
14-18g/100mL
seldom given, but separated into RBC’s plasma, clotting factors, and anticoagulants
indicated in cases with massive blood loss
Whole blood
used in transfusions
are given in a synthetic volume expander and they contain hemoglobin
Packed red cells
is used when clotting factors are needed in addition to circulating volume
is stored as Fresh Frozen and thawed in water bath prior to administration
Plasma
used when large amounts of donor blood used because they are removed during the donor blood process
to restore normal clotting process and to help repair damage vessels
Platelets
a plasma component used to treat hemophilia
Cryoprecipitate
used to increase the total volume of body fluids to treat hypovolemia
Volume Expanders
Volume Expanders are
Ringer solutions, normal saline, hypertonic saline, Albumin
Autotransfusion is not possible in cases when patient:
has cancer, undergoing bowel surgery
has systemic infection, undergoing c-section
hormone like substance produced by the body that cause bone morrow to produce more blood cells.
Hematopoietic
a product made from highly purified bovine hemoglobin situated in salt solution
Hemopure
is also a synthetic used for its osmotic properties
Hetastarch (Hespan)
what can not be used on tissue very often and can be used on cancer areas
Sterile water
1.5% is non-conductive and used to irrigate body cavities
Glycine
water soluble, nonconductive and used to distend the uterus
Hyskon
direct injection into the chamber of the eye
intracameral
group of disease involving abnormal cell growth with potential to invade and spread
cancer
cell that not cancerous
benign
abnormal growth or tumor
neoplasm
cancerous
becomes the worse or end of death
malignant
original site of tumor
primary site
spread of cancer or disease spread form one part of the body to the other
metastasis
the site where cancer spread beyond the initial site
secondary site
agent that inhibit or prevent the growth of malignant or tumor
Antineoplastic agent
state of disease symptoms being abated or arrested
remission
substance toxic to cells
cytotoxic
cause of disease
etiology
directly involved in causing cancer
carcinogens
science that study factors which determine and influence frequency and distribution of disease
epidemiology
Kills cells by forming cross link on the DNA strands
affect all phases of cell cycle
Examples cyclophosphamids (cytoxan) and carboplatin (Paraplatin)
Alkylating
pathway is the formation of a blood clot that stats off with substance that are contained in blood
Intrinsic Pathway
an pathway is formation of blood clot that starts off by factor outside the blood
Extrinsic Pathway
medication treatment to alleviate the symptoms without curing the disease
Palliative
disrupts the metabolic process
inhibits enzymes synthesis
Example methotrexate (Mexate) and
5 fluorouracil (5-FU)
Antimetabolites
used in ectopic pregnancy treatment
Methotrexate
Derivatives of plant extracts
block cell division at specific stage
Example are paclitaxel (Taxol) and docetaxel (Taxotere)
Mitotic inhibitors
different for antibiotics that treat infection
target specific types of cancers by inhibiting protein and RNA synthesis
Examples are bleomycin sulfate (Blenoxane) and doxorubican (Adriamycin)
Antineoplastic antibiotics
used in conbination with other hormones inhibit tumor cell growth complete with endogenous hormones act as anti-inflammatory agents Example are leuprolide (Luptron) and tamoxifen (Nolvadex)
Hormones and hormones antagonists
does not freely diffuse across a semipermeable membrane
colloid
solution of predominately sterile water with electrolytes to approximate the mineral content of human plasma
crystalloids
agent used to treat chemotherapy side effects by stimulating specific bone marrow production of blood cells are
erythropoietin
uses genes to treat and prevent disease
gene therapy
super small particles measured in nanometers
nanotechnology
when blood is removed form a donor and given to another person
homologous
within a vein
intravenous
helps blood maintain homeostasis
electrolytes
an irregular heartbeat or abnormal heart rhythm
arrhythmias
solution in which the solute and solvent are equally distributed so the cell neither expand or shrink
isotonic
condition of excess acid in body fluids
metabolic acidosis
breakdown of red blood cells
hemolysis
protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen
hemoglobin
proportion of total blood volume that is composed of red blood cells
hematocrit
stimulates the immune response
antigens
the blood contains more ……………to keep the blood flowing through the circulatory system
anticoagulants
clumping together of platelets
platelet aggregation
are agents that replenish deficiencies in thew natural clotting mechanism is
systemic coagulants
can be given orally, works 3-5 minutes, may be used form the back table in irrigation, may be administrate directly to artery, used for port a caths, used in cardiac surgery, extracorporeal bypass us used
Heparin
fluid pressure inside the eye
intraocular pressure (IOP)
making an opening smaller
constricting
making an opening lager
dilating
treat in medical setting
group of condition characters by increased intraocular pressure
glaucoma
to much calcium
hypercalcemia
to little calcium
hypocalcemia
to much potassium
hyperkalemia
to little potassium
hypokalemia
to much sodium
Hypertremia
to little sodium
hypotremia
used in long term management
treat DVT
cause prolong clotting times
oral anticoagulants
delayed onset of action and so are not used in emergency situations is
oral anticoagulants
are drug administrated intravenously subcutaneously or topically that interfere with blood clotting
parenteral anticoagulants
to speed the break down of existing blood clots
thrombolytics
Avitene should be applied with dry instruments only because
it will stick to a wet surface
promotes blood clotting by increasing synthesis of coagulation
Vitamin K
agent that inhibit or prevent blood clotting
anticoagulant
applied to bleeding surface is
gelfoam
what contain both coagulants and anticoagulants
blood
there are used in all specialties especially gelfoam to stop oozing bleeding form small vessels
topical hemostatics
stop or arrest bleeding
hemostatics
blood clot in a deep vein
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
blocking of a major blood vessel in lungs or blood clot
pulmonary embolism
during surgery damage blood vessels are controlled by
ligatures, sutures, cautery, topical hemostatic agents
made form purified bovine collagen sponge cut to a desired shape and applied with pressure to a bleeding site
absorbable collagen sponge
helistat, helitene are
absorbable collagen sponge
what are animal in origin made from purified porcine skin gelatin
mechanical
applied topically
Absorbable Gelatin
Gelfilm, surgiflo, surgifoam
Floseal
felfoam powder, gelfoam sponge, gelita-spon are
Absorbable Gelatin
agent that enhance or promote blood clotting
coagulants
what is parenteral anticoagulant that is mainly used in surgery
Heparin sodium
made form bees was and is mechanical
bone wax
a powder used topically on mucous membrane
tannic acid
what measured in units
Heparin
drug that binds to specific receptors sites and prevent other medications form binding to these same sites
antagonist
agent in ointment form used to moisten and protect the eye
lubricants
why to never use water on the cornea
it will pit the tissue
the most common ophthalmic solution is ……..and it is sterile
balanced salt solution
NaCl
sodium chloride
NaCl, NS
Normal Saline (0.9%)
in charge of fluid replacement while irrigation occurs form the steirle filed
anesthesia
are fluid that are distributed into two distinct compartments
intracelluar and extracellular fluid
major electrolytes are
Na- Sodium, Cl- Chloride, k-potassium, Ca-calcium
inhibits vitamin k activity in the liver and so prevent formation of some coagulants factors
warfarin
inhibits platelet aggregation
Aspirin
Applied to bleeding surfaces swells becoming a gelatinous mass that serves as as nucleus for clotting
Oxidized Cellulose
agent of choice for simple hydration
also called normal saline
can replace lost sodium. treat metabolic acidosis, used with blood products as it does not hemolyze blood cells
Sodium Chloride 0.9%
during ophthalmic produces to cleans the operative site and keep the cornea moist
Irrigating solution
a medicine taken or given to counteract a particular poison
protamine sulfate
antidote
Medication that constrict the pupil by stimulating the sphincter muscle of the iris and reduces intraocular pressure
used to treat glaucoma
it is a Miochol- E
Miotics
color or mark tissue
used for corneal ulcers or abrasions, foregin bodies in the eye, or other abnormalities
Diagnostic Stains
are hormones with a wide range of effect, to decrease ocular inflammatory response trauma, decrease corneal inflammation, to protect eye in scarring, and post-operatively to decease swelling
Steroids
a protein produced by the immune system when it detects harmful substances called antigens
Antibody
used in patients who require an easily metabolized source of calories
Dextrose
patient with a lot of electrolyte loss
Normosol R
topical liquid agent used alone or in combination with gelatin sponge. it must be used immediately after preparation or refrigerated it comes in spray form or in a powder that must be reconstituted
Thrombin
was used to break down suspensory ligaments (zonula) during old type cataract surgery
Alpha-chymotrypsin
to prevent or treat cystoid macular edema, iritis, and conjunctivitis
Nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
when will you see anicoagulant the most in surgery
blood coagulation
reinfusion of the patient own blood
autotransfusion
in blood transfusion, when the recipent and donor are the same person
autologous
clumping of particles, such as red blood cells
agglutination
external ocular infections and as prophylaxis against post- op infections
ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity stronger antibiotics and result in eye treatment
ophthalmic anti-infective or ophthalmic antibiotics
a drug fibrous preparation of purified bovine corium collagen
Microfibrillar Collagen hemostat
are essential fro survival so homeostasis must be maintained
fluids
are balance vitals
blood and electrolyte
can be lost during surgery
blood and fluids
mediation that interfere with normal transmission of pain impulses to brain
Alcaine
anesthetics
a proteins that act as catalysts hyaluronidase mixed with local anesthetics increase their effect
Enzymes
Anesthesia personal may administer them via IV preoperatively
calcium salts transfusions
vitamin k patients on certain meds as oral anticoagulants or antibacterial therapies
blood coagulation factors patients with deficiencies
systemic coagulants
works at serval points in the clotting cascade, interferes with the conversations of prothrombin to thrombin and fibrinogen to fibrin
Heparin
most abundant anion in ECF
Chloride
most abundant mineral in the body 4.5 to 5.5
Calcium
important for general anesthesia 3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L
Potassium
they tell components of solution
the number indicate the strength or concentration of the components in the solution
IV fluids
a chemical cauterizing agent
Silver nitrate
thick like jelly substance injected the eye during produces
during cataract surgery, into the anterior chamber to keep it expanded
come in premeasured sterile syringes with blunt tipped cannulas OVDs Viscoat, Provisc
Viscoelastic agent or Opthalmic Viscoelastic device
IV fluids in surgery are called
solutions of mostly water with dissolved electrolytes, dextrose solutions, and multiple electrolyte solutions
crystalloids
oral anticoagulants that prevent clot information by inhibiting platelet aggregation
antiplatelet drug
used in medical setting
given IV to help dissolve blood clots
used to treat acute myocardial infraction
Hemorrhage is major side effect so patient monitors closely
Thrombolytics
