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DPT > Pharmacology Antibiotics and Cancer > Flashcards

Pharmacology Antibiotics and Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Are all antibiotics considered antimicrobials?

A

Yes

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2
Q

Is gram+ or gram- harder to treat and why?

A

Gram- because it has a outer membrane that makes it harder for drugs to penetrate

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3
Q

What is selective toxicity?

A

Only target bacteria, not human cells

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4
Q

What is the difference between bacteriostatic and bactericidal antibiotics?

A

Bacteriostatic antibiotics only inhibit the growth of the bacteria and require the hosts immune system. Bactericidal kill the bacteria and don’t require the host immune system.

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5
Q

Two types of bactericidal antibiotics?

A

Concentration dependent and time dependent

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6
Q

What are the three considerations when selecting treatment for bacterial infection?

A
  • Bacteria factors(identity and susceptibility)
  • Host specific factors(allergies, renal function, etc.)
  • Drug specific factors(drug-drug interactions, route, etc.)
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7
Q

What are the two types of drug resistances and their differences

A

Innate-Drug never worked

Acquired-Something happened to cause the drug to stop working

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8
Q

What factors contribute to resistance?

A
  • Overuse/misuse
  • Don’t need or don’t complete full amount
  • International OTC
  • Use of antibiotics in livestock
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9
Q

Why is TB so hard to treat?

A

Once inhaled, it goes to alveoli and walls itself off from treatment

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10
Q

What are the symptoms for TB?

A

Fever, night sweats, malaise, weight loss

Pulm system: productive cough and pleuritic pain

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11
Q

TB treatment goals

A
  1. Contain infection
  2. Cure infection: 2 phases

Main take away: Intensive and long duration drug treatment

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12
Q

Side effects of TB drugs

A
  • liver and kidney issues
  • visual disturbances
  • CN8 damage (vestibulocochlear)
  • neurological symptoms
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13
Q

How is C-diff transmitted?

A

Fecal to Oral

Also occurs when normal flora is interrupted

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14
Q

C-diff symptoms?

A

watery diarrhea, abdominal cramping, fever

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15
Q

C-diff precautions

A

Make sure to wear gloves and wash hands with soap and water, alcohol doesn’t work.

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16
Q

What drug can cause C-diff?

A

Lincosamide (Clindamysin)

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17
Q

What drug is used to treat C-diff?

A

Vancomysin (Glycopeptide)

Nitroimidazole (Metronidazole)

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18
Q

What are the side effects of nitroimidazole?

A

GI, metallic taste

less often:peripheral neuropathy

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19
Q

What is MRSA?

A

It is a bacteria that causes infection. Known as a “super-bug”.

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20
Q

What drug is used to treat MRSA?

A

linezolid

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21
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

Lung infection

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22
Q

What can pneumonia be caused by?

A

Bacteria 30%
Viral 50%
Mycoplasmas 20%

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23
Q

Antibiotic of choice for pneumonia?

A

Fluoroquinolone

24
Q

What are the AE of fluoroquinolone?

A

GI, phototoxicity

TENDON RUPTURE

25
Q

Viral Hepatitis Transmission? and Vaccine?
A
B
C

A

A- fecal-oral
B-blood, bodily fluids
C-blood-borne

A-Yes
B-Yes
C-No

26
Q

Direct-Acting Antivirals (DAAs) most common AE?

A

Fatigue, weakness, headache

Also bradycardia in combo with amiodarone

27
Q

HIV treatment

A

HAART

adherence is critical

28
Q

HIV concerns

A
  • oppertunistic infections

- handwashing and infection control are important

29
Q

PT treatment for HIV

A

pain management

30
Q

Rehab concerns for antiviral drugs?

A
  • fatigue
  • myolosuppression causing anemia, reduced O2 uptake, and earlier lactic acidosis threshold

Big picture: Monitor patient exercise tolernace with vital signs and get patient feedback with Borg Rating scale

31
Q

Fungal infections also called what?

A

mycoses

increased risk after antibacterial use

32
Q

Most common antifungals

A

Polyenes and Azoles

33
Q

Polyenes and azoles common AE?

A

N/V/D, nephro and hepatotoxicity

34
Q

Types of vaccines and what they are?

A
  • Inactivated / Killed pathogen
  • Subunit / Piece of the pathogen
  • Live attenuated / Weakened Pathogen
  • Toxoid / pathogen toxin instead of actual pathogen
35
Q

Which type of vaccine should you avoid if you are immunosupressed?

A

Live attenuated (weakened pathogen)

36
Q

At what point in the cell cycle can cancer interfere?

A

All points (G1,S,G2,M)

37
Q

Difference between cell cycle specific (CCS) and cell cycle nonspecific (CCN) agents?

A

CCS agents work at a specific point in the cell cycle and are more effective on rapidly dividing tumors.
CCN agents are working throughout the cell cycle (including G0) and work better on large, slow growing tumors.

38
Q

Difference between neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy?

A

Neoadjuvant therapy is before primary care and adjuvant is after primary care.

39
Q

Which cells does chemotherapy target?

A

All cells that arre actively dividing.

Bone marrow, GI tract and buccal mucosa, reproductive organs, hair follicles

40
Q

What is Nadir?

A

10-28 days after chemotherapy when WBC count is at its lowest.
Anticancer drugs are withheld at this point, may be given antibiotics.

41
Q

What are the three types of cancer treatment and define them?

A
  • Chemotherapy: drugs that inhibit growth and replication of cancer cells
  • Targeted therapy: damage cancer cells by blocking specific genes or proteins
  • Immunotherapy: hormones and drugs that use the immune system to treat cancer
42
Q

Oral chemotherapy precautions

A
  • Wear gloves when touching laundry or bodily fluids

- Extra caution in pregnancy

43
Q

Why are chemo patients at an INCREASED RISK FOR FALLS?

Cancer Impairements

A
  • 50-75% of survivors experience a fall
  • CANCER RELATED FATIGUE
  • DECREASED COGNITION
  • PAIN
  • CIPN
44
Q

Chemotherapeutic drug cycles and time of cycles?

A

6-8 cycles, given every 3 weeks

45
Q

3 Cancer treament goals

A
  • Cure: chemotherapy, radiation, and/or surgery
    • adjuvant therapy
    • neoadjuvant
  • Control: reduce new cancer growth
  • Palliation: cure nor control possible, focus on making patient comfortable
46
Q

What antibiotic can cause C-diff and what antibiotic can treat it?

A

Clindomysin

Vancomysin

47
Q

What two drug classes can cause hypersensitivity

A

Penacillins (Gram+ and -)

Cephalosporins

48
Q

What are aminoglycosides AE?

A

ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity

49
Q

tetracyclines important AE

A

photosensitivity

50
Q

oxazolidinones AE

A

seretonin syndrome

51
Q

What drug can cause tendon rupture

A

fluoroquinolones

52
Q

What drugs can cause Stevens-Johnson syndrome

A

Sulfonamide

53
Q

Direct Acting Antivirals (DAAs) most common AE

A

fatigue, weakness, headache

can also cause Bradycardia in combi with amiodarone

54
Q

How does HIV transmit to AIDS?

A

decrease in CD4 count

55
Q

Which antifungal causes nephro and hepatotoxicity?

A

Polyenes

56
Q

Which antifungal causes photophobia?

A

Azoles

57
Q

Primary concern with antifungals?

A

Liver damage and kidney damage

DPT (8 decks)

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