Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by ‘competitive binding’?

A

(1. ) Two drugs bind to the same receptor therefore must compete with each other for the receptor.
(2. ) This prevents one of the drugs from binding and therefore reducing its level and effects.

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2
Q

What is meant by ‘half-life’ when it relates to drugs and renal elimination

A

The elimination half life of a drug is defined as the time required for the serum concentration of the drug to decrease by 50%.

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3
Q

In what ways can a prescription be altered to mitigate the effects of reduced renal function?

A

(1. ) Prescriptions can be altered to mitigate the effects of renal impairment by either:
- reducing the dose
- or lengthening the dosing interval or both.

(2.) Some drugs will be less effective in renal impairment and so should be substituted if necessary

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4
Q

What is an agonist and antagonist?

A

(1. ) Agonist = ligand that binds to receptors and activate it
(2. ) Antagonist = ligand that interacts and blocks activity of receptor

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5
Q

What is drug specificity?

A

How much a drug will bind to one type of target

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6
Q

What is efficacy?

A

The maximal effect of drug, irrespective of dose. Antagonists will have zero efficacy.

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7
Q

What is potency?

A

(1. ) The amount of drug that is needed to elicit a response
(2. ) This can be a concentration (EC50) or dose (ED50) of a drug required to produce 50% of that drug’s maximal effect.

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8
Q

What is pharmacoDYNAMICS?

A

How drug acts on the body

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9
Q

What is pharmacoKINECTICS?

A

What the body does to a drug - absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion [ADME]

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10
Q

What is first pass metabolism?

A

The idea that orally given drugs do not completely reach maximum dose in systemic circulation, they get modified and metabolised in the GI system/liver

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11
Q

What would be the bioavailability of IV drugs?

A

100% IV drug do not undergo first pass metabolism, so 100% of drug dose given is available to systemic circulation

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12
Q

Name something a drug may be designed to target

A

An enzyme, receptor, co-transporter, ion gate channel etc.

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13
Q

What is meant by bioavailability

A

Fraction of the drug administrated reached systemic circulation unaltered

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14
Q

What is meant by affinity?

A

(1. ) ‘Forward rate of association’ (backward rate would be disassociation)
(2. ) E.g. If a receptor has a high affinity for a drug, when they associate they will stay together and dissociation is slow

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15
Q

What are allosteric modulators?

A

Group of substances that bind to a receptor to change that receptor’s response to stimulus

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16
Q

Name two irreversible enzyme inhibitors and three reversible enzyme inhibitors

A

(1. ) Irreversible enzyme inhibitors = Omeprazole (PPI), asprin (COX inhbitor)
(2. ) Reversible enzyme inhibitor = Simvastatin, Ramipril (ACE inhbitor), paracetamol

17
Q

What is the importance of cytrome P450

A

(1. ) It is a membrane bound enzyme involved in drug metabolism
(2. ) Most drugs will be deactivated by cP450 h/e some can be activated (e.g. codeine)

18
Q

What is used for an opioid overdose

A

Naloxone