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B5W3 > PHARMACOLOGY > Flashcards

PHARMACOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

whatwhat drug class is dobutamine?

A

a beta adrenergic agonist

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2
Q

what is dobutamines effect?

A

inotropic agent (changes force/speed contraction)

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3
Q

what is dobutamine’s mechanism of action?

A

stimulation of beta1-adrenergic receptors, with little effect on beta2 or alpha adrenergic receptors. This leads to increase myocardial contractility and stroke volume, resulting in increased cardiac output.

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4
Q

what are the indications of dobutamine?

A

inotropic support, cardiac surgery, cardiomyapathies, septic shock, cardiogenic shock

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5
Q

what are the side effects of dobutamine?

A

Arrhythmias; bronchospasm; chest pain; dyspnoea; eosinophilia; fever; headache; inflammation localised; ischaemic heart disease; nausea; palpitations; platelet aggregation inhibition (on prolonged administration); skin reactions; urinary urgency; vasoconstriction

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6
Q

what drug class is isoprenaline?

A

a beta 2 adrenergic agonist/ bronchodilator

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7
Q

what is isoprenaline’s mechanism of action?

A

part due to stimulation intracellular adenyl cyclase, elevatation of cAMP levels, and therefore the relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and inhibition of release of mediators of immediate hypersensitivity from cells, especially from mast cells.

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8
Q

what are the indications of isoprenaline?

A

treatment of bronchospasm associated with COPD

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9
Q

what are the side effects of isoprenaline?

A

nervousness, headache, dizziness, nausea, visual blurring, tachycardia, palpitations, angina, Adams-Stokes attacks, pulmonary edema, hypertension, hypotension, ventricular arrhythmias, tachyarrhythmias, difficulty breathing, sweating, mild tremors, weakness, flushing, and pallor.

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10
Q

what drug class is salmeterol?

A

a long acting beta 2 adrenergic agonist

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11
Q

what is salmeterol’s mechanism of action?

A

Salmeterol’s long, lipophilic side chain binds to exosites near beta2-receptors in the lungs and bronchiolar smooth muscle allowing the active portion of the molecule to remain at the receptor site, continually binding and releasing.

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12
Q

when used regularly what can salmeterol do?

what can it not do?

A

decreases the number and severity of asthma attacks. However, it is not for use for relieving an asthma attack that has already started.

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13
Q

what is salmeterol’s duration of action? what is this in comparison to salbutamol?

A

12 hours

4-6 hours=salbutamol

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14
Q

what are the indications of salmeterol?

A

Reversible airways obstruction,
Nocturnal asthma
Prevention of exercise-induced bronchospasm
Chronic asthma only in patients who regularly use an inhaled corticosteroid, COPD

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15
Q

what are the side effects of salmeterol?

A

Arrhythmias; headache; hypokalaemia (with high doses); muscle spasms; nasopharyngitis; nausea; palpitations; rash; tremor

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16
Q

what drug class is norepinephrine?

A

an alpha adrenergic agonist

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17
Q

how does norepinephrine function as a peripheral vasoconstrictor?

A

by acting on alpha 1 and alpha 2 adrenergic receptors

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18
Q

how does norepinephrine act as an inotropic heart stimulator and a coronary artery dilator?

A

by acting on beta adrenergic receptors

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19
Q

what is the precursor to epinephrine? where is it secreted from?

A

norepinephrine

adrenal medulla

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20
Q

what are the indications of norepinephrine?

A

acute hypotension.

21
Q

what are the side effects of norepinephrine?

A

Acute glaucoma; anxiety; arrhythmias; asthenia; cardiomyopathy; confusion; dyspnoea; extravasation necrosis; gangrene; headache; heart failure; hypovolaemia; hypoxia; injection site necrosis; insomnia; ischaemia; myocardial contractility increased; nausea; palpitations; peripheral ischaemia; psychotic disorder; respiratory failure; tremor; urinary retention; vomiting

22
Q

what drug class is phenoxybenzamine?

A

an alpha adrenergic antagonist

23
Q

what are the indications of phenoxybenzamine?

A

used to treat hypertension and sweating associated with pheochromocytoma.

24
Q

what is phenoxybenzamine’s mechanism of action?

A

Phenoxybenzamine blocks the -adrenergic receptors which leads to muscle relaxation, and blood vessel dilatation. This widening of the blood vessels results in a lowering of blood pressure.

25
Q

what are the side effects of phenoxybenzamine?

A

Abdominal distress; dizziness; ejaculation failure; fatigue; miosis; nasal congestion; postural hypotension; reflex tachycardia

26
Q

what drug class is doxazosin?

A

an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent

27
Q

what is doxazosin’s mechanism of action?

A

a selective inhibitor of the 1-adrenoceptors on vascular smooth muscle, blocking the vasoconstrictor effect of circulating and locally released catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine).

28
Q

what are the indications for doxazosin?

A

Arrhythmias; asthenia; chest pain; cough; cystitis; dizziness; drowsiness; dry mouth; dyspnoea; gastrointestinal discomfort; headache; hypotension; increased risk of infection; influenza like illness; muscle complaints; nausea; oedema; pain; palpitations; skin reactions; urinary disorders; vertigo

29
Q

what has doxazosin been replaced by?

A

prazosin

30
Q

what drug class is muscarine?

A

a muscarinic cholinergic receptor agonist

31
Q

what muscarinic receptors are there?

where do we find them?

A

M1, M2, M3, M4 and M5
M2 and M3 are found in peripheral autonomic tissues
M1 and M4 are found in the brain and autonomic ganglia

32
Q

what is muscarine’s mechanism of action?

A

binds the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and so mimics the effects of acetylcholine.
M1, M3 and M5 interact with Gq proteins, whilst M2 and M4 receptors interact with Gi proteins to inhibit adenylyl cyclase.

33
Q

what are the side effects of muscarine?

A

miosis, blurred vision, increased salivation, excessive sweating, lacrimation, bronchial secretions, bronchoconstriction, bradycardia, abdominal cramping, increased gastric acid secretion, diarrhea and polyuria.

34
Q

what drug class is pilocarpine?

A

a muscarinic cholinergic receptor agonist

35
Q

what are the indications of pilocarpine?

A

treatment of glaucoma

36
Q

what is policarpine’s mechanism of action?

A

is the stimulation of muscarinic receptors leading to contraction of the iris sphincter muscle and ciliary muscle

37
Q

what are the side effects of pilocarpine?

A

Diarrhoea; headache; hyperhidrosis; hypersalivation; nausea; skin reactions; vision disorders; vomiting

38
Q

what drug class is atracurium?

A

a competitive cholinergic receptor antagonist

39
Q

what is atracurium’s mode of action?

A

is it antagonizes the neurotransmitter action of acetylcholine by binding competitively with cholinergic receptor sites on the motor end-plate. This leads to muscle relaxation.

40
Q

how can atracurium’s action be reversed?

A

acetylcholinesterase inhibitors such as neostigmine, edrophonium, and pyridostigmine.

41
Q

what are the indications of atracurium?

A

neuromuscular blockade

42
Q

what are common side effects of atracurium?

A

Flushing and hypotension

43
Q

what drug class is botulinum?

A

a toxin

acetylcholine release inhibitor

44
Q

what produces botulinum?

how can you come into contact with this?

A

Clostridium botulinum, a gram-positive anaerobic bacterium

ingestion of contaminated food or a wound infection

45
Q

what is botulinum’s mechanism of action?

A

binding presynaptically to high-affinity recognition sites on the cholinergic nerve terminals. This causes a decrease in the release of acetylcholine, causing a neuromuscular blocking effect.

46
Q

how does the body recover from botulinum?

A

proximal axonal sprouting and muscle re-innervation by formation of a new neuromuscular junction.

47
Q

what are the indications of botulinum?

A

Hand Foot, ankle and wrist disability due to upper limb spasticity associated with stroke
Blepharospasm
Hemifacial spasm
Spasmodic torticollis
Severe hyperhidrosis of the axillae (specialist use only),
Prophylaxis of headaches in chronic migraine
Temporary improvement of moderate to severe upper facial lines in adults under 65 years
Management of bladder dysfunctions
Chronic sialorrhoea

48
Q

what are the common side effects of botulinum?

A

Alopecia; asthenia; autonomic dysreflexia; bladder diverticulum; constipation; dizziness; drowsiness; dry eye; dry mouth; dysphagia (most common after injection into sternocleidomastoid muscle and salivary gland); ecchymosis (minimised by applying gentle pressure at injection site immediately after injection); eye discomfort; eye disorders; eye inflammation; fall; fever; gait abnormal; haematuria; headaches; hot flush; increased risk of infection; influenza like illness; insomnia; joint disorders; leukocyturia; malaise; muscle complaints; muscle weakness; musculoskeletal stiffness; nausea; neuromuscular dysfunction; oedema; pain; paresis; sensation abnormal; skin reactions; subcutaneous nodule; urinary disorders; vision disorders

B5W3 (9 decks)

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