Pharmacology Flashcards
what type of chemical compound is metformin ?
Biguanide
What is the molecular mechanism of metformin?
- Inhibition of complex 1 of the mitochondrial respiratory chain
- Causes fall in cellular ATP (rise in ADP/ATP ratio)
- leads to rise in AMP:ATP ratio, activation of AMPK and reduction in gluconeogenesis
how is metformin taken up into cells?
active transport via organic cation transporters (OCTs)
these channels are mainly found in the intestines, Liver and kidney
what are the main physiological mechanisms of metformin?
- Lowers hepatic glucose production ( with patients who have diabetes)
- increases Guy glucose utilisation and metabolism
other mechanisms:
- increased intestinal GLP-1 secretion
- Altered gut microbiome
- Decrease lipogenesis
- reduced inflammation
what effect does metformin have on HbA1c?
lowers it by approximately 18 mmol/mol from the intial value
what is the usual and maximum dose of metformin?
500mg bd
maxi dose 1g bd
what are the side effects of metformin?
- Metformin associated lactic acidosis (MALA) - metformin increases lactate production. bad if AKI is present as kidney is usually needed to remove lactate.
- GI intolerance :
Diarrhoea
bloating
abdominal pain
dyspepsia
metallic taste in mouth
What should you reduce metformin by if eGFR is <45ml/min?
max dose should be 1g daily
metformin should be contraindicated if eGFR <30ml/min
what is the first line therapy for Type 2 diabees?
Metformin and comprehensive lifestyle management
Metformin is weight gaining drug true or false?
false
Give examples of sulphonylureas (Sus)
- Gliclazide (most common SU in UK)
- Glipizide
- Glimepiride
- Glibenclamide
How does a beta cell release insulin?
normal beta cell function:
- Glucose enters beta cell via GLUT 2 transporter
- Glycolysis occurs results in ATP formation
- Rise in ATP causes closure of sensitive K channel (KATP)
- rise in membrane potentials triggers voltage gated calcium channel
- Calcium influx causes insulin exocytosis
what is the molecular mechanism of sulphonylureas?
ii. what effect does this mechanism have on insulin secretion?
- Sulphonylureas act on ATP k channel in the beta cell
- SUs boind to SUR1 which causes closure of K channel (Katp)
- rise in membrane potentials triggers voltage gated calcium channel
- Calcium influx causes insulin exocytosis
ii. SUs stimulation of insulin is glucose independent. therefore insulin is secreted when glucose is not increased
what effect does SUs have on HbA1c?
lowers HBA1c by 18mmol/mol from initial value
SUs is weight gaining true or false?
true - causes release of insulin which increases appetite and anabolic reactions which cause weight gain
what are the side effects of SUs?
risk of hypoglycaemia - careful when given to elderly
weight gain
what is the usual dosage of SUs?
40-80mg od
max dose 160mg bd
when would you prescribe SUs for Type 2 diabetes?
after Metformin and where cost is a major issue (i.e. developing countries)
no longer mainline treatment
where are sodium glucose transporters found (SGLT)?
kidneys
give examples of SGLT 2 inhibitors?
dapagliflozin
Canagliflozin
Empagliflozin (most common in tayside)
what effect do SGLT 2 inhibitors have?
Direct effects:
decrease uptake of sugar in kidneys (i.e. makes you pee sugar)
also leads to weight loss
urate excretion is increased
indirect effects:
glucose reduction: this causes reduce insulin and increase in glucagon
increase lipolysis: increase in fatty acids results in increase of ketones. ketones are good for cardiac myocytes
what is the physiology of SGLT 2 inhibitors?
Glucose loss results in osmotic diuresis which also reduces Na reabsorption. Both result in a mild diuretic action
urate excretion is increased
what are the side effects of SGLT 2 inhibitors?
Thrush - main (more common in women)
fournier gangrene ( rare)
Hypovolemia and hypotension
Diabetic ketoacidosis
What are SGLT 2 inhibitors?
specific inhibitors of renal sodium glucose transporter 2