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Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

ivabradine: MOA

A

selectively inhibits “funny” sodium channels ->

prolongs slow depolarization

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2
Q

indomethacin: class

A

NSAID

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3
Q

cefotaxime: class

A

beta-lactam

(3rd generation cephalosporin)

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4
Q

class IC antiarrhymics: effect on AP duration

A

minimal/no effect

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5
Q

polymyxins

A

colistin

polymyxin B

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6
Q

ofloxacin: class

A

fluoroquinolone

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7
Q

flumazenil: AEs

A

seizures

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8
Q

loperamide: AEs

A

constipation

nausea

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9
Q

natural penicillins: AEs

A

hypersensitivity reactions

direct Coombs + hemolytic anemia

drug-induced interstitial nephritis

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10
Q

antipseudomonal penicillins: AEs

A

hypersensitivity reactions

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11
Q

sulfonamides: MOA

A

inhibit dihydropteroate synthase ->

inhibit folate synthesis

(bacteriostatic)

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12
Q

lithium: class

A

mood stabilizer

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13
Q

oxybutynin: clinical use

A

overactive bladder

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14
Q

risperidone: class

A

atypical antipsychotic

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15
Q

orlistat: AEs

A

steatorrhea

decreased absorption of fat-soluble vitamins

abdominal pain

flatulence

bowel urgency

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16
Q

daptomycin: clinical sue

A

S aureus skin infections

S aureus bacteremia

S aureus endocarditis

VRE

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17
Q

N-acetylcysteine: MOA

A

disrupts disulfide bonds ->

liquifies mucus in lungs

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18
Q

milrinone: clinical use

A

acute decompensated HF with cardiogenic shock

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19
Q

sulfonamides

A

sulfamethoxazole

sulfisoxazole

sulfadiazine

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20
Q

levetiracetam: AEs

A

irritability

drowsiness

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21
Q

beta blockers: AEs

A

contraindicated in asthma/COPD

contraindicated in diabetes

fainting

lightheadedness

fatigue

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22
Q

LABA: MOA

A

agonist of beta-2 adrenergic receptors ->

relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle

LONG-ACTING

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23
Q

antipseudomonal penicillins: clinical use

A

hospitalized patients with:

sepsis

pneumonia

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24
Q

adenosine: MOA

A

increase K out of cells ->

hyperpolarizes cells ->

decreases AV node conduction

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25
lithium: clinical use
bipolar depression acute manic episodes
26
trimethoprim: clinical use
(used in combination with sulfonamides) UTI shigella, salmonella, pneumocystis jiroveci treatment/prophylaxis toxoplasmosis prophylaxis
27
spironolactone: clinical use
hyperaldosteronism K depletion HF hepatic ascites antiandrogen
28
paroxetine: class
SSRI
29
gabapentin: MOA
inhibits voltage-activated Ca channels
30
omeprazole: class
proton pump inhibitor
31
ceftaroline: class
beta-lactam | (5th generation cephalosporin)
32
lansoprazole: class
proton pump inhibitor
33
scopolamine: class
muscarinic antagonist
34
sulfasalazine: MOA
combination of sulfapyridine (antibacterial) and 5-aminosalicylic acid (anti-inflammatory) that is activated by colonic bacteria
35
ranolazine: clinical use
angina refractory to other therapies
36
triamterene: class
K-sparing diuretic | (ENaC inhibitor)
37
2nd generation cephalosporins
cefuroxime (oral) cefoxitin (IV) cefotetan (IV)
38
cholestyramine: class
bile acid resin
39
atropine: clinical use
antidote to anticholinesterase poisoning GI spasms decrease bronchial secretions increase HR in anesthesia
40
tadalafil: class
PDE-5 inhibitor
41
risedronate: class
bisphosphonate
42
lovastatin: class
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor
43
acetaminophen toxicity antidote
N-acetylcysteine
44
enalapril: class
ACE inhibitor
45
dipyridamole: class
PDE-based platelet inhibitor
46
bisphosphonates: AEs
esophagitis osteonecrosis of jaw atypical femoral stress fractures
47
antipseudomonal penicillins
piperacillin ticarcillin
48
ibutilide: clinical use
atrial fibrillation/flutter
49
glycopyrrolate: class
muscarinic antagonist
50
nebivolol: class
beta-1 blocker + NO potentiator
51
ethosuximide: AEs
GI distress fatigue headache
52
flecainide: class
class IC antiarrhythmic
53
ceftaroline: clinical use
MRSA VRSA
54
amiloride: clinical use
K depletion HF nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
55
azithromycin: class
protein synthesis inhibitor | (macrolide)
56
pindolol: class
nonselective beta partial agonist
57
ondansetron: AEs
headache constipation QT prolongation serotonin syndrome
58
famotidine: class
histamine-2 blocker
59
nitroprusside: MOA
increases cGMP via direct release of NO
60
carbamazepine: MOA
blocks Na channels
61
ACE inhibitors: MOA
inhibit angiotension converting enzyme -\> decrease angiogensin II -\> decrease GFR by preventing constriction of effertent arteriole -\> increase renin dur to loss of negative feedback
62
metoprolol: clinical use
Good for beta-blockade in asthmatics hypertension angina supraventricular/ventricular arrhythmias heart failure
63
cilostazol: clinical use
claudication stroke prevention prevention of coronary stent restenosis
64
PDE-5 inhibitors: AEs
facial flushing headache dyspepsia hypotension (with nitrates)
65
carvedilol: clinical use
heart failure
66
metoprolol: class
beta-1 blocker
67
phenytoin: clinical use
first-line for status epilepticus first-line for generalized seizures partial (focal) seizures
68
torsemide: class
sulfonamide loop diuretic
69
eplerenone: clinical use
hyperaldosteronism K depletion HF antiandrogen
70
class IV antiarrhythmics: MOA
decrease conduction velocity
71
aspirin: AEs
gastric ulceration tinnitus allergic reactions (pts w/ asthma or nasal polyps) chronic use -\> AKI, interstitial nephritis, GI bleeding Reye syndrome in children w/ viral infection metabolic acidosis / respiratory alkalosis
72
cromolyn: clinical use
rarely used in asthma
73
nicardipine: clinical use
HTN stable/unstable angina vasospastic angina Raynaud phenomenon hypertensive urgency/emergency
74
ceftriaxone: class
beta-lactam | (3rd generation cephalosporin)
75
oxazepam: clinical use
anxiety alcohol withdrawal in liver disese
76
magnesium hydroxide: class
antacid
77
cromolyn: MOA
prevents mast cell degranulation
78
betaxolol: class
beta-1 blocker
79
class IA antiarrhythmics: clinical use
atrial and ventricular arrhythmias (particularly re-entrant and ectopic SVT and VT)
80
salmeterol: class
long-acting beta-2 agonist (LABA)
81
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: AEs
hepatotoxicity myopathy
82
dapsone: clinical use
leprosy pneumocystis jiroveci prophylaxis
83
beta-lactams: MOA
binds penicillin-binding protein -\> blocks peptidoglycan cross-linking in bacterial cell wall
84
ACE inhibitors: contraindications
pregnancy C1 esterase deficiency used w/ caution in bilateral renal artery stenosis
85
bisphosphonates: MOA
pyrophosphate analog -\> bind hydroxyapatite in bone -\> inhibits osteoclast activity
86
leflunomide: clinical use
rheumatoid arthritis psoriatic arthritis
87
loperamide: clinical use
diarrhea
88
polymyxins: AEs
nephrotoxicity neurotoxicity (slurred speech, weakness, paresthesias) respiratory failure
89
citalopram: class
SSRI
90
mannitol: MOA
increases tubular fluid osmolarity in PCT -\> increases urine flow also decreases intracranial and intraocular pressure
91
atropine: class
muscarinic antagonist
92
cefuroxime: clinical use
otitis media UTI in children
93
ibuprofen: class
NSAID
94
colchicine: AEs
GI side effects neuromyopathic side effects
95
triamterene: MOA
blocks Na channels in cortical collecting tubule
96
NSAIDs: MOA
reversibly inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX1 and 2) -\> block prostaglandin synthesis
97
colestipol: class
bile acid resin
98
99
aminopenicillins: clinical use
otitis media bacterial sinusitis meningitis
100
class IC antiarrhythmics
flecainide propafenone
101
golimumab: class
TNFa inhibitor
102
aliskiren: MOA
direct renin inhibitor -\> blocks conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
103
ranitidine: class
histamine-2 blocker
104
prazosin: clinical use
benign prostatic hypertrophy hypertension PTSD
105
calcium carbonate: AEs
hypokalemia hypercalcemia rebound increase in stomach acid
106
bosentan: MOA
competitively antagonizes endothelin-1 receptors -\> decreases pulmonary vascular resistance
107
alprazolam: class
benzodiazepine
108
bethanechol: AEs
asthma exacerbation COPD exacerbation peptic ulcers
109
lamotrigine: AEs
Stevens-Johnson syndrome
110
ARBs: MOA
selectively block binding of angiotensin II to AT1 receptors -\> decrease GFR by preventing constriction of efferent arterioles -\> increased renin due to loss of negative feedback
111
histamine-2 blockers
cimetidine ranitidine famotidine nizatidine
112
pentobarbital: class
barbiturate
113
allopurinol: AEs
increased concentrations of xanthine oxidase metabolites, azathioprine, and 6-MP
114
acetazolamide: class
carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
115
benztropine: class
muscarinic antagonist
116
bile acid resins: MOA
prevent intestinal reabsorption of bile acids, required liver to make more, using cholesterol
117
cefazolin: class
beta-lactam | (1st generation cephalosporin)
118
phenoxybenzamine: class
nonselective alpha blocker
119
natural penicillins: clinical use
strep throat actinomyces syphilis
120
levofloxacin: class
respiratory fluoroquinolone
121
sulbactam: class
beta-lactamase inhibitor
122
doxazosin: clinical use
benign prostatic hypertrophy hypertension
123
class III antiarrhythmics
amiodarone ibutilide dofetilide sotalol
124
ibutilide: class
class III antiarrhythmic
125
montelukast: MOA
blocks leukotriene receptors (CysLT1) -\> anti-inflammatory effects
126
propafenone: class
class IC antiarrhythmic
127
buspirone: clinical use
generalized anxiety disorder
128
penicillin G: class
beta-lactam (natural penicillin) (beta-lactamase-sensitive)
129
sacubitril: class
neprilysin inhibitor
130
levetiracetam: class
anticonvulsant
131
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: clinical use
hyperlipidemia
132
tropicamide: class
muscarinic antagonist
133
thiopental: clinical use
induction of anesthesia
134
carbachol: clinical use
open-angle glaucoma
135
ethosuximide: clinical use
absence seizures
136
doxazosin: class
alpha-1 blocker
137
edrophonium: clinical use
used to diagnose myasthenia gravis
138
nafcillin: class
beta-lactam (antistaphylococcal penicillin) (beta-lactamase resistant)
139
topiramate: AEs
sedation slowed cognition memory issues appetite suppresion and weight loss
140
class III antiarrhythmics: effect on effective-refractory periods
increased ERP
141
bethanechol: clinical use
urinary retention
142
adenosine: clinical use
diagnosing certain forms of SVT terminating certain forms of SVT cardiac stress testing
143
cetirizine: class
second generation H1 blocker
144
histamine-2 blockers: MOA
reversibly inhibit histamine H2 receptors -\> decrease H+ secretion from parietal cells in stomach
145
prostacyclin analogs: AEs
flushing jaw pain
146
tobramycin: class
aminoglycoside
147
gemifloxacin: class
respiratory fluoroquinolone
148
buspirone: MOA
stimulates 5-HT1A receptors
149
guanfacine: class
alpha-2 agonist
150
olanzapine: AEs
metabolic syndrome (weight gain, diabetes, dyslipidemia) QT prolongation
151
aminopenicillins
amoxicillin ampicillin
152
diltiazem: clinical use
HTN stable/unstable angina atrial fibrillation/flutter
153
lamotrigine: MOA
blocks voltage-gated Na channels inhibits release of glutamate
154
PCSK9 inhibitors: clinical use
hyperlipidemia
155
thiazide diuretics: effect on urine Ca
decrease
156
zoledronate: class
bisphosphonate
157
thioridazine: class
typical antipsychotic | (low potency)
158
omalizumab: MOA
binds serum IgE -\> anti-inflammatory
159
roflumilast: AEs
abdominal pain weight loss depression
160
fish oil: clinical use
hypertriglyceridemia
161
hypertension: treatment
thiazide diuretics ACE inhibitors ARBs dihydropyridine Ca channel blockers
162
aluminum hydroxide: class
antacid
163
spironolactone: MOA
aldosterone receptor antagonist in cortical collecting tubule -\> decreases Na reabsorption and K secretion
164
macrolides: AEs
GI motility issues QT prolongation acute cholestatic hepatitis rash eosinophilia
165
dimenhydrinate: class
first generation H1 blocker
166
aminopenicillins: AEs
hypersensitivity reactions rash pseudomembranous colitis
167
fexofenadine: class
second generation H1 blocker
168
ARBs: AEs
hyperkalemia decreased GFR hypotension teratogen
169
daptomycin: AEs
myopathy rhabdomyolysis
170
dapsone: MOA
similar to sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate synthase -\> inhibit folate synthesis
171
pravastatin: class
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor
172
albuterol: clinical use
acute exacerbations of asthma (rescue inhaler)
173
class I antiarrhymics: MOA
Na channel blockade -\> decreases slope of phase 0 depolarization
174
lisinopril: class
ACE inhibitor
175
hypertensive emergency: treatment
labetolol (safe in pregnancy) clevidipine fenoldopam nicardipine nitroprusside
176
vardenafil: class
PDE-5 inhibitor
177
carbamazepine: metabolism
induces CYP450 (decreases levels of other drugs, including itself)
178
cefepime: clinical use
pseudomonas
179
class IA antiarrhythmics: effect on AP duration
increase
180
vigabatrin: AEs
permanent visual loss
181
diphenhydramine: class
first generation H1 blocker
182
adalimumab: clinical use
RA psoriasis ankylosing spondylitis IBD
183
secobarbital: class
barbiturate
184
bosentan: AEs
hepatotoxic
185
certolizumab: class
TNFa inhibitor
186
rosuvastatin: class
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor
187
anticholinesterase poisoning: muscarinic effects
DUMBBELSS diarrhea urination miosis bronchospasm bradycardia emesis lacrimation sweating salivation
188
H1 blocker: MOA
reversible inhibition of H1 histamine receptors
189
adenosine receptor antagonists
theophylline caffeine
190
roflumilast: clinical use
severe COPD
191
metronidazole: AEs
disulfiram-like reaction with alcohol headache metallic taste
192
propranolol: class
nonselective beta blocker
193
acetazolamide: clinical use
glaucoma idiopathic intracranial hypertension altitude sickness metabolic alkalosis
194
albuterol: AEs
tremor arrhythmia
195
indomethacin: clnical use
close PDA analgesic antipyretic anti-inflammatory
196
dihydropyridine Ca channel blocker: AEs
gingival hyperplasia peripheral edema flushing dizziness
197
diclofenac: class
NSAID
198
dextromethorphan: MOA
NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist -\> antitussive
199
pilocarpine: clinical use
open-angle glaucoma closed-angle glaucoma Sjogren syndrome
200
octreotide: class
somatostatin analog
201
theophylline: class
nonspecific PDE inhibitor
202
nitrates: clinical use
angina acute coronary syndromes pulmonary edema
203
proton pump inhibitors: AEs
C diff pneumonia acute interstitial nephritis vitamin B12 malabsorption decreased serum Mg decreased calcium absorption
204
celecoxib: AEs
increased risk of thrombosis sulfa allergy
205
SSRIs: MOA
inhibit 5-HT reuptake
206
dexlansoprazole: class
proton pump inhibitor
207
CNS stimulants: MOA
increase norepinephrine and dopamine in synaptic cleft
208
mirtazapine: class
alpha-2 blocker
209
donepezil: class
anticholinesterase
210
niacin: clinical use
hyperlipidemia increase HDL
211
aztreonam: AEs
occasional GI upset
212
sumatriptan: AEs
coronary vasospasm (contraindicated in CAD and vasospastic angina) serotonin syndrome paresthesia
213
benzodiazepines: AEs
anterograde amnesia dependence and withdrawal tolerance
214
theophylline: AEs
narrow therapeutic index: cardiotoxicity neurotoxicity
215
diltiazem: AEs
gingival hyperplasia cardiac depression (may cause acute HF) AV block constipation
216
pantoprazole: class
proton pump inhibitor
217
timolol: class
nonselective beta blocker
218
diazepam: metabolism
CYP2C19
219
second generation H1 blockers: clinical use
allergy
220
infliximab: clinical use
RA psoriasis ankylosing spondylitis IBD
221
phenytoin: metabolism
induces CYP450 | (decreases levels of other drugs)
222
K sparing diuretics: AEs
hyperkalemia arrhythmia antiandrogen effects, gynecomastia (spironolactone)
223
atenolol: class
beta-1 blocker
224
nimodipine: class
dihydropyridine Ca channel blocker
225
eplerenone: class
K-sparing diuretic | (aldosterone antagonist)
226
nicardipine: class
dihydropyridine Ca channel blocker
227
cimetidine: metabolism
inhibitor of CYP450
228
zileuton: class
antileukotriene
229
avanafil: class
PDE-5 inhibitor
230
neostigmine: class
anticholinesterase
231
midazolam: clinical use
anesthesia status epilepticus
232
muscarinic antagonists: MOA
competitvely block muscarinic receptors -\> prevents bronchoconstriction
233
fluoroquinolones: naming
-oxacin
234
cefotetan: clinical use
pelvic inflammatory disease (with doxycycline) pre-op in children with appendicitis (with metronidazole)
235
neostigmine: clinical use
myasthenia gravis reversal of neuromuscular junction blockade post-operative urinary retention
236
cefuroxime: class
beta-lactam | (2nd generation cephalosporin)
237
sulfamethoxazole: class
sulfonamide
238
fenoldopam: class
vasodilator
239
adenosine: AEs
flushing hypotension chest pain sense of impending doom bronchospasm
240
nitroprusside: AEs
cyanide toxicity
241
verapamil: class
non-dihydropyridine Ca channel blocker
242
monobactams
aztreonam
243
class II antiarrhythmics: clinical use
supraventricular tachyarrhythmias ventricular rate control for atrial fibrillation/flutter
244
acebutolol: class
beta-1 partial agonist
245
isosorbide dinitrate: class
nitrate
246
tigecycline: MOA
binds to 30S subunit of bacterial ribosome -\> inhibits protein synthesis -\> bacteriostatic
247
carbamazepine: AEs
agranulocytosis and aplastic anemia ataxia sedation
248
levetiracetam: MOA
inhibits voltage-gated Ca channels modulates GABA and glutamate release
249
cefepime: class
beta-lactam | (4th generation cephalosporin)
250
nitroprusside: class
vasodilator
251
zafirlukast: MOA
blocks leukotriene receptors (CysLT1) -\> anti-inflammatory effects
252
high potency typical antipsychotics
haloperidol trifluoperazine fluphenazine
253
levetiracetam: clinical use
safe in pregnancy partial (focal) seizures generalized seizures
254
lidocaine: class
class IB antiarrhythmic
255
montelukast: class
antileukotriene
256
eplerenone: MOA
aldosterone receptor antagonist in cortical collecting tubule -\> decreases Na reabsorption and K secretion
257
ondansetron: clinical use
control vomiting: post-operatively cancer chemotherapy
258
theophylline: metabolism
metabolized by CYP450
259
loop diuretics: AEs
ototoxicity (esp ethacrynic acid) hypokalemia hypomagnesemia dehydration metabolic alkalosis interstitial nephritis gout sulfa allergy (not ethacrynic acid)
260
phenoxybenzamine: AEs
orthostatic hypotension reflex tachycardia
261
alprazolam: clinical use
panic attacks
262
hypertension w/ diabetes: treatment
**ACE inhibitors / ARBs** Ca channel blockers thiazide diuretics beta-blockers
263
tiotropium: class
long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA)
264
ziprasidone: AEs
QT prolongation
265
topiramate: metabolism
stimulates CYP3A inhibits CYP2C19
266
milrinone: class
PDE-3 inhibitor
267
clevidipine: class
dihydropyridine Ca channel blocker
268
digoxin: clinical use
HF atrial fibrillation
269
thiopental: class
barbiturate
270
lithium: AEs
renal: polyuria (can progress to nephrogenic diabetes insipidus), interstitial nephritis CNS: tremor, sedation, impaired cognition endocrine: hypothyroidism cardiac: sinus bradycardia, SA blockade GI: stomach upset, increased appetite birth defects: Ebstein anomaly
271
tetracyclines: MOA
bind 30S subunit of bacterial ribosome -\> prevents attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA -\> bacteriostatic
272
hydralazine: AEs
reflex tachycardia (contraindicated in angina/CAD) fluid retention headache angina drug-induced lupus
273
niacin: AEs
flushed face hyperglycemia hyperuricemia
274
fenoldopam: clinical use
hypertensive emergency post-op antihypertensive
275
carbamazepine: class
anticonvulsant
276
erythromycin: metabolism
inhibits CYP450
277
aminoglycosides: clinical use
TBD
278
iloperidone: class
atypical antipsychotic
279
teriparatide: AEs
increased risk of osteosarcoma transient hypercalcemia AVOID in Paget disease and pts with prior cancer
280
metolazone: class
thiazide diuretic
281
topiramate: MOA
blocks Na channels increases GABA action
282
non-dihydropyridine Ca channel blocker: MOA
blocks voltage-gated L-type Ca channels in primarily **cardiac** muscle
283
dofetilide: class
class III antiarrhythmic
284
albuterol: MOA
agonist at beta-2 adrenergic receptors -\> relaxes bronchial smooth muscle SHORT-ACTING
285
class IV antiarrhythmics: AEs
constipation flushing edema cardiovascular effects (HF, AV block, SA node depression)
286
prazosin: class
alpha-1 blocker
287
linezolid: MOA
binds to 50S subunit of bacterial ribosome -\> prevents formation of initiation complex
288
disopyramide: class
class IA antiarrhythmic
289
haloperidol: class
typical antipsychotic | (high potency)
290
niacin: MOA
inhibits lipolysis in adipose tissue reduces hepatic VLDL synthesis
291
fibrates: clinical use
hypertriglyceridemia
292
antileukotrienes: clinical use
asthma (particularly aspirin-induced and exercise-induced)
293
methacholine: clinical use
asthma diagnosis (challenge test)
294
misoprostol: clinical use
prophylaxis for NSAID-induced peptic ulcers induction of labor (off-label)
295
class IB antiarrhymics: effect on AP duration
decrease
296
linezolid: class
protein synthesis inhibitor
297
ceftazidime: class
beta-lactam | (3rd generation cephalosporin)
298
class IA antiarrhythmics: strength of Na channel blockade
moderate
299
haloperidol: AEs
extrapyrimidal symptoms neuroleptic malignant syndrome hyperprolactinemia
300
thiazide diuretics: clinical use
hypertension HF idiopathic hypercalciuria nephrogenic diabetes insipidus osteoporosis
301
lorazepam: metabolism
no CYPs needed
302
clozapine: class
atypical antipsychotic
303
allopurinol: MOA
competitive inhibitor of xanthine oxidase -\> decreased conversion of hypoxanthine and xanthine to urate -\> prevention of gout crystals
304
tizanidine: AEs
hypotension weakness xerostomia (no saliva)
305
clozapine: clinical use
treatment-resistant schizophrenia / schizo-affective disorder suicidality in schizophrenia
306
imipenem: class
beta-lactam | (carbapenem)
307
cefpodoxime: class
beta-lactam | (3rd generation cephalosporin)
308
cephalexin: class
beta-lactam | (1st generation cephalosporin)
309
cefoxitin: class
beta-lactam | (2nd generation cephalosporin)
310
ramelteon: AEs
dizziness nausea fatigue
311
amoxicillin: class
beta-lactam (aminopenicillin) (beta-lactamase sensitive)
312
thiazide diuretics: MOA
inhibit NaCl reabsorption in early DCT -\> decrease diluting capacity of nephron
313
bisphosphonates: clinical use
osteoporosis hypercalcemia Paget disease of bone metastatic bone disease osteogenesis imperfecta
314
class III antiarrhythmics: effect on AP duration
increase
315
solifenacin: class
muscarinic antagonist
316
amikacin: class
aminoglycoside
317
hydralazine: MOA
increases cGMP, leading to smooth muscle relaxation
318
LABA: AEs
tremor arrhythmia
319
5th generation cephalosporins
ceftaroline
320
digoxin: MOA
direct inhibition of Na/K ATPase -\> indirect inhibition of Na/Ca exchanger -\> increased intracellular Ca -\> positive inotropy
321
sildenafil: clinical use
erectile dysfunction pulmonary hypertension
322
digoxin toxicity: treatment
slowly normalize K anti-digoxin Fab fragments Mg
323
oxybutynin: class
muscarinic antagonist
324
vardenafil: clinical use
erectile dysfunction pulmonary hypertension
325
methyldopa: clinical use
hypertension in pregnancy
326
macrolides: clinical use
community acquired pneumonia (covers atypical causes) chlamydia
327
hydralazine: clinical use
severe hypertension (safe in pregnancy) HF (with organic nitrate)
328
class II antiarrhythmics: effect on PR interval
increase
329
nitroglycerin: class
nitrate
330
sotalol: clinical use
atrial fibrillation/flutter ventricular tachycardia
331
rivastigmine: clinical use
alzheimer's disease
332
aspirin overdose: treatment
NaHCO3
333
macrolides
azithromycin clarithromycin erythromycin
334
erythromycin: class
protein synthesis inhibitor | (macrolide)
335
antacids: clinical use
esophageal reflux
336
ziprasidone: class
atypical antipsychotic
337
PDE-based platelet inhibitors: AEs
nausea headache facial flushing hypotension abdominal pain
338
first generation H1 blockers: AEs
sedation antimuscarinic effects anti-alpha-adrenergic effect
339
labetalol: class
nonselective alpha and beta blocker
340
temazepam: metabolism
no CYPs needed
341
dofetilide: AEs
QT prolongation (torsades)
342
quetiapine: class
atypical antipsychotic
343
polymyxins: MOA
bind to phospholipids on cell membrane of gram-negative bacteria -\> disrupt cell membrane integrity -\> leakage of cellular components -\> cell death
344
golimumab: clinical use
RA psoriasis ankylosing spondylitis IBD
345
flumazenil: class
benzodiazepine antagonist
346
pilocarpine: class
direct muscarinic agonist
347
class IB antiarrhythmics: clinical use
acute ventricular arrhythmias (particularly post-MI) digitalis-induced arrhythmias
348
vigabatrin: clinical use
4th-line for partial (focal) seizures
349
histamine-2 blockers: clinical use
peptic ulcers gastritis mild esophageal reflux
350
antacids
aluminum hydroxide calcium carbonate magnesium hydroxide
351
octreotide: clinical use
acute variceal bleeds acromegaly VIPoma carcinoid tumors
352
NSAIDs: clinical use
analgesic antipyretic anti-inflammatory
353
streptomycin: class
aminoglycoside
354
norfloxacin: class
fluoroquinolone
355
ipratropium: class
short-acting muscarinic antagonist (SAMA)
356
NSAIDs: AEs
interstitial nephritis gastric ulcers renal ischemia aplastic anemia
357
neomycin: class
aminoglycoside
358
gabapentin: clinical use
peripheral neuropathy postherpetic neuralgia add-on for partial (focal) seizures (not very effective)
359
sulfasalazine: AEs
malaise nausea sulfonamide toxicity reversible oligospermia
360
tazobactam: class
beta-lactamase inhibitor
361
aliskiren: clinical use
hypertension
362
barbiturates: AEs
cardiorespiratory depression CNS depression (sedation) dependence
363
class IV antiarrhythmics: effect on PR interval
increase
364
loop diuretics: effect on blood Ca
decrease
365
orlistat: clinical use
weight loss
366
fluoroquinolones: clinical use
gram-negative rods of urinary and GI tracts (including pseudomonas) otitis externa
367
sulfonamides: AEs
hypersensitivity reactions hemolysis in G6PD deficiency nephrotoxicity (tubulointerstitial nephritis) photosensitivity Stevens-Johnson syndrome kernicterus in infants displace other drugs from albumin (warfarin)
368
colesevelam: class
bile acid resin
369
mannitol: class
osmotic diuretic
370
antistaphylococcal penicillins: clinical use
cellulitis (community-acquired) impetigo
371
4th generation cephalosporins
cefepime
372
dihydropyridine Ca channel blocker: MOA
blocks voltage-gated L-type Ca channels in primarily **smooth** muscle
373
reversal of muscarinic anticholinesterase poisoning
atropine
374
methyldopa: class
alpha-2 agonist
375
pyridostigmine: class
anticholinesterase
376
ezetimibe: AEs
hepatoxicity (rare) diarrhea
377
tigecycline: AEs
nausea vomiting
378
inhaled corticosteroids: AEs
oral thrush
379
nizatidine: class
histamine-2 blocker
380
digoxin: class
cardiac glycoside
381
nadolol: class
nonselective beta blocker
382
topiramate: class
anticonvulsant
383
cefotetan: class
beta-lactam | (2nd generation cephalosporin)
384
nitrates: MOA
increase NO in vascular smooth muscle, leading to increase in cGMP and smooth muscle relaxation
385
ertapenem: class
beta-lactam | (carbapenem)
386
loop diuretics: effect on urine Ca
increase
387
oxazepam: metabolism
no CYPs needed
388
captopril: class
ACE inhibitor
389
solifenacin: clinical use
overactive bladder
390
bezafibrate: class
fibrate
391
temazepan: class
benzodiazepine
392
terazosin: class
alpha-1 blocker
393
loop diuretics: MOA
inhibits Na/K/2Cl cotransport in TAL -\> prevents concentration of urine also increases PGE -\> vasodilates afferent arteriole
394
1st generation cephalosporins
cefazolin cephalexin
395
spironolactone: class
K-sparing diuretic | (aldosterone antagonist)
396
prostacyclin analogs: clinical use
pulmonary hypertension
397
iloprost: class
prostacyclin analog
398
tolterodine: clinical use
overactive bladder
399
naproxen: class
NSAID
400
aliskiren: AEs
hyperkalemia decreased GFR hypotension angioedema teratogen
401
second generation H1 blockers: AEs
antimuscarinic side effects anti-alpha-andrenergic side effects
402
atypical antipsychotics: MOA
most are dopamine D2 antagonists and 5-HT antagonists varied effects on alpha and H1 receptors
403
tizanidine: class
alpha-2 agonist
404
reversal of nicotinic anticholinesterase poisoning
pralidoxime
405
1st generation cephalosporins: clinical use
surgical wound infections pre-op for prophylaxis of surgical wound infections
406
prostacyclin analogs: MOA
PGI2 causes direct vasodilatory effects on pulmonary and systemic arterial beds also inhibits platelet aggregation
407
fluoroquinolones: AEs
GI upset skin rashes headache, dizziness myalgias, leg cramps CONTRAINDICATED in pregnant women, nursing mothers, and children \<18 (due to damage to cartilage) QT prolongation tendonitis or tendon rupture
408
sildenafil: AEs
hypotension CONTRAINDICATED with nitrates
409
colchicine: MOA
binds and stabilizes tubulin -\> inhibits microtubule polymerization -\> impairs neutrophil chemotaxis and degranulation
410
colchicine: clinical use
acute gout chronic gout (prophylaxis)
411
guanfacine: clinical use
ADHD Tourette syndrome hypertensive urgency symptom control in opioid withdrawal
412
scopolamine: clinical use
motion sickness
413
typical antipsychotics: clinical use
schizophrenia (positive symptoms) psychosis bipolar disorder delirium Tourette syndrome Huntington disease OCD
414
hydralazine: class
arteriolar vasodilator
415
amiodarone: clinical use
atrial fibrillation/flutter ventricular tachycardia
416
carbamazepine: clinical use
first-line for partial (focal) seizures trigeminal neuralgia manic episodes
417
meloxicam: class
NSAID
418
bismuth: clinical use
peptic ulcers H pylori traveler's diarrhea
419
ampicillin: class
beta-lactam (aminopenicillin) (beta-lactamase sensitive)
420
loratadine: class
second generation H1 blocker
421
valproic acid: AEs
birth defects: neural tube defects (contraindicated in pregnancy) hepatoxicity pancreatitis weight gain GI distress
422
lisdexamfetamine: class
CNS stimulant
423
hypertension in pregnancy: treatment
hydralazine labetolol methyldopa nifedipine
424
oxacillin: class
beta-lactam (antistaphylococcal penicillin) (beta-lactamase resistant)
425
midazolam: metabolism
CYP3A4
426
ivabradine: clinical use
chronic stable angina in pts who cannot take beta-blockers chronic HFrEF
427
class III antiarrhythmics: MOA
potassium channel blocker -\> prolonged phase 3 repolarization
428
typical antipsychotics: MOA
blocks dopamine D2 recpetor (primarily) -\> increases cAMP
429
extrapyrimidal symptoms of typical antipsychotics
acute dystonia (hours to days): muscle spasm, stiffness) akathisia (days to months): restlessness Parkinsonism (days to months): bradykinesia tardive dyskinesia (months to years): chorea
430
barbiturates: MOA
increases duration of Cl channel opening -\> increases GABA action -\> decreases neuron firing
431
fenoldopam: AEs
hypotension tachycardia
432
class IC antiarrhythmics: effect on effective-refractory periods
increases ERP in AV node and accessory bypass tracts
433
pyridostigmine: clinical use
myasthenia gravis
434
candesartan: class
angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB)
435
lorazepam: class
benzodiazepine
436
sildenafil: clinical use
erectile dysfunction pulmonary hypertension
437
cevimeline: clinical use
Sjogren syndrome
438
antistaphylococcal penicillins
nafcillin oxacillin dicloxacillin
439
hypertension w/ compensated HF: treatment
diuretics ACE inhbitors / ARBs beta-blockers aldosterone antagonists
440
chlordiazepoxide: class
benzodiazepine
441
nitroprusside: clinical use
hypertensive emergency
442
factors that predispose to digoxin toxicity
renal failure (decreased clearance) hypokalemia (increased digoxin binding) coadministration with verapamil, amiodarone, quinidine
443
aluminum hydroxide: AEs
hypokalemia constipation hypophosphatemia osteodystrophy proximal muscle weakness seizures
444
anti-IL-5: clinical use
maintenance therapy in severe eosinophilic asthma
445
metoclopramide: AEs
increased parkinsonism effects (contraindicated in Parkinson disease) tardive dyskinesia restlessness drowsiness fatigue depression diarrhea
446
galantamine: class
anticholinesterase
447
suvorexant: class
orexin receptor antagonist
448
class II antiarrhythmics: MOA
decrease cAMP in SA and AV nodes -\> decreases Ca currents also decrease slope of phase 4 depolarization
449
vigabatrin: MOA
increases GABA
450
procainamide: class
class IA antiarrhythmic
451
theophylline: clinical use
blocks action of adenosine limited use in asthma
452
avanafil: clinical use
erectile dysfunction pulmonary hypertension
453
sumatriptan: clinical use
acute migraine cluster headache attack
454
etanercept: clinical use
RA psoriasis ankylosing spondylitis
455
mepolizumab: class
anti-IL-5
456
aspirin: clinical use
low dose: decrease platelet aggregation intermediate dose: antipyretic, analgesic high dose: anti-inflammatory
457
class IA antiarrhythmics: effect on effective-refractory periods
increase ERP in ventricular AP
458
class IB antiarrhythmics: strength of Na channel blockade
weak
459
CNS stimulants: clinical use
ADHD narcolepsy binge-eating disorder
460
ACE inhibitors: AEs
cough angioedema teratogen (renal malformations) increased creatinine hyperkalemia hypotension
461
phenoxybenzamine: clinical use
pheochromocytoma
462
proton pump inhibitors: MOA
irreversibly inhibit H+/K+ ATPase in stomach parietal cells -\> decreases H+ secretion
463
ciprofloxacin: metabolism
inhibits CYP450
464
suvorexant: AEs
somnolence abnormal sleep-related activities
465
gentamicin: class
aminoglycoside
466
bile acid resins: AEs
increased triglycerides GI upset decreased absorption of fat-soluble vitamins decreased absorption of certain drugs
467
desloratadine: class
second generation H1 blocker
468
dextromethorphan: AEs
opioid effect -\> abuse potential serotonin syndrome
469
sotalol: class
class III antiarrhythmic
470
asenapine: class
atypical antipsychotic
471
LABA: clinical use
asthma prophylaxis
472
clavulanic acid: class
beta-lactamase inhibitor
473
midazolam: class
benzodiazepine
474
valproic acid: class
anticonvulsant
475
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: effect on blood pH
acidemia (decreased pH)
476
sumatriptan: class
triptan
477
probenecid: AEs
uric acid kidney stone
478
cimetidine: class
histamine-2 blocker
479
phenytoin: class
anticonvulsant
480
disopyramide: AEs
HF thrombocytopenia QT prolongation (torsades)
481
tizanidine: clinical use
relief of spasticity
482
minocycline: class
tetracycline
483
ranitidine: AEs
decreases renal excretion of creatinine
484
meropenem: class
beta-lactam | (carbapenem)
485
fluphenazine: AEs
extrapyrimidal symptoms neuroleptic malignant syndrome hyperprolactinemia
486
valproic acid: clinical use
first-line for generalized seizures partial (focal) seizures myoclonic seizures acute mania migraine prophylaxis
487
bumetanide: class
sulfonamide loop diuretic
488
acetaminophen: MOA
reversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase in CNS
489
acetylcholine: class
direct muscarinic agonist
490
doxycycline: class
tetracycline
491
phenytoin: AEs
CNS sedation (drowsiness, ataxia, confusion, insomnia, nystagmus) gum hyperplasia hirsutism
492
clevidipine: clinical use
HTN stable/unstable angina vasospastic angina Raynaud phenomenon hypertensive urgency/emergency
493
nifedipine: clinical use
HTN stable/unstable angina vasospastic angina Raynaud phenomenon (safe in pregnancy)
494
ibandronate: class
bisphosphonate
495
aminoglycosides
gentamicin neomycin tobramycin streptomycin amikacin
496
nitrates: AEs
reflex tachycardia (may result in angina) hypotension flushing headache Monday disease in industrial exposure (tolerance lost over weekend)
497
thioridazine: AEs
antimuscarinic: dry mouth, constipation antihistamine: sedation alpha-1 blockade: orthostatic hypotension ophthalmologic: retinal deposits neuroleptic malignant syndrome hyperprolactinemia QT prolongation
498
edrophonium: class
anticholinesterase
499
isosorbide mononitrate: class
nitrate
500
amlodipine: clinical use
HTN stable/unstable angina vasospastic angina Raynaud phenomenon
501
lamotrigine: clinical use
safe in pregnancy partial (focal) seizures generalized seizures bipolar disorder
502
hypertension w/ decompensated HF: treatment
diuretics ACE inhibitors / ARBs aldosterone antagonists
503
milrinone: MOA
increases cAMP -\> in cardiomyocytes: increases Ca influx -\> increased ionotropy and chronotropy in vascular smooth muscle: MLCK inhibition -\> vasodilation -\> decrease preload and afterload
504
celecoxib: MOA
reversibly and selectively inhibits cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) (thus does not have effects on gastric mucosa or platelets)
505
class IA antiarrhythmics
quinidine procainamide disopyramide
506
aminoglycosides: MOA
binds 30S subunit of bacterial ribosome -\> inhibits initiation complex -\> causes misreading of mRNA -\> bactericidal
507
zaleplon: class
omega-1 (benzodiazepine-1) agonist
508
thiazide diuretics: effect on blood Ca
increase
509
thiazide diuretics: AEs
hypokalemia metabolic alkalosis hyponatremia hyperglycemia hyperlipidemia hyperuricemia hypercalcemia sulfa allergy
510
valproic acid: MOA
increases Na channel inactivation increases GABA concentration
511
class IV antiarrhythmics: effect on effective refractory period
increase ERP
512
mirtazapine: clinical use
depression
513
3rd generation cephalosporins
ceftriaxone cefotaxime cefpodoxime ceftazidime
514
aztreonam: class
monobactam
515
cilostazol: class
PDE-based platelet inhibitor
516
esmolol: class
beta-1 blocker
517
infliximab: class
TNFa inhibitor
518
colistin: class
polymyxin
519
nifedipine: class
dihydropyridine Ca channel blocker
520
fluphenazine: class
typical antipsychotic | (high potency)
521
ezetimibe: MOA
prevents cholesterol absorption at small intestine brush border
522
bethanechol: class
direct muscarinic agonist
523
avibactam: class
beta-lactamase inhibitor
524
tadalafil: clinical use
erectile dysfunction pulmonary hypertension benign prostatic hypertrophy
525
misoprostol: class
PGE1 analog
526
moxifloxacin: class
respiratory fluoroquinolone
527
acetaminophen: clinical use
analgesic antipyretic **NOT anti-inflammatory** used instead of aspirin in children with viral illness to avoid Reye syndrome
528
tetracyclines: AEs
GI distress discoloration of teeth in children inhibition of bone growth in children photosensitivity contraindicated in pregnancy
529
amiloride: MOA
blocks Na channels in cortical collecting tubule
530
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor: MOA
inhibit conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate, a cholesterol precursor
531
donepezil: clinical use
alzheimer's disease
532
chlorpheniramine: class
first generation H1 blocker
533
rivastigmine: class
anticholinesterase
534
vancomycin: AEs
nephrotoxicity ototoxicity thrombophlebitis red man syndrome DRESS syndrome
535
procainamide: AEs
reversible SLE-like syndrome thrombocytopenia QT prolongation (torsades)
536
aminoglycosides: AEs
ototoxicity (hearing loss) nephrotoxicity (acute tubular necrosis) neuromuscular blockade (contraindicated in myasthenia gravis) teratogenicity (renal defects and ototoxicity)
537
alirocumab: class
PCSK9 inhibitor
538
trifluoperazine: class
typical antipsychotic | (high potency)
539
leflunomide: MOA
reversibly inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase -\> prevents pyrimidine synthesis -\> suppresses T cell proliferation
540
lurasidone: AEs
QT prolongation
541
ACE inhibitors: clinical use
hypertension HF proteinuria diabetic nephropathy CKD
542
risperidone: AEs
hyperprolactinemia (amenorrhea, galactorrhea, gynecomastia) QT prolongation
543
albuterol: class
beta-2 agonist | (short-acting)
544
ranolazine: AEs
constipation dizziness headache nausea QT prolongation (torsades)
545
ethacrynic acid: class
non-sulfonamide loop diuretic
546
pimozide: class
typical antipsychotic
547
tetracyclines: clinical use
borrelia mycoplasma pneumoniae rickettsia chlamydia acne vulgaris
548
TNF inhibitors: AEs
predisposition to infection reactivation of latent TB drug-induced lupus
549
phentolamine: clinical use
hypertensive crisis produced by tyramine ingestions on MAO inhibition
550
signs of cholinergic toxicity
Hot as a hare (increased body temp) Fast as a fiddle (increase HR) Dry as a bone (dry mouth, dry skin, urinary retention) Red as a beet (flushed skin) Blind as a bat (cycloplegia) Full as a flask (constipation) Mad as a hatter (disorientation)
551
class IV antiarrhythmics
diltiazem verapamil
552
magnesium hydroxide: AEs
hypokalemia diarrhea hyporeflexia hypotension cardiac arrest
553
SAMA: AEs
increased body temperature increased HR dry mouth flushed skin cycloplegia constipation disorientation urinary retention
554
evolocumab: class
PCSK9 inhibitor
555
esomeprazole: class
proton pump inhibitor
556
tetracyclines
tetracycline doxycycline minocycline
557
lorazepam: clinical use
anxiety status epilepticus ethanol withdrawal in liver disease
558
barbiturates: metabolism
induces CYP450
559
effects of vasodilators on arteries vs. veins
nitrates: veins \> arteries nitroprusside: arteries = veins hydralazine: arteries \> veins
560
anti-IL-5: MOA
prevents eosinophil differentiation, maturation, activation and survival
561
metoclopramide: MOA
D2 receptor antagonist -\> increases resting muscle tone increases contracility increases LES tone increases motility promotes gastric emptying
562
triamterene: clinical use
K depletion HF
563
ciprofloxacin: class
fluoroquinolone
564
loop diuretics: effect on blood pH
alkalemia (increased pH)
565
fenoldopam: MOA
dopamine D1 receptor agonist
566
sotalol: AEs
QT prolongation (torsades) excessive beta-blockade
567
phentolamine: AEs
orthostatic hypotension reflex tachycardia
568
beta-lactamase inhibitors
clavulanic acid (with amoxicillin) sulbactam (with ampicillin) avibactam (with ceftazidime) tazobactam (with piperacillin)
569
enoxacin: class
fluoroquinolone
570
cephalosporins: AEs
hypersensitivity reactions autoimmune hemolytic anemia disulfiram-like reaction vitamin K deficiency
571
terazosin: clinical use
benign prostatic hypertrophy hypertension
572
chlorpromazine: AEs
antimuscarinic: dry mouth, constipation antihistamine: sedation alpha-1 blockade: orthostatic hypotension ophthalmologic: corneal deposits neuroleptic malignant syndrome hyperprolactinemia QT prolongation
573
sulfonamides: clinical use
broad-spectrum Nocardia UTI
574
hydrochlorothiazide: class
thiazide diuretic
575
mannitol: AEs
pulmonary edema dehydration hypo- or hyper-natremia
576
PCSK9 inhibitors: AEs
myalgias delirium dementia
577
bisoprolol: class
beta-1 blocker
578
budesonide: class
inhaled corticosteroid
579
epoprostenol: class
prostacyclin analog
580
temazepam: clinical use
anxiety insomnia ethanol withdrawal in liver disease
581
bosentan: clinical use
pulmonary hypertension
582
omega-1 (benzodiazepine-1) agonists: AEs
ataxia headache confusion
583
class IC antiarrhythmics: clinical use
supraventricular tachyarrhythmias (including atrial fibrillation) last resort in ventricular tachyarrhythmia
584
loop diuretics: clinical use
edematous states (HF, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, pulmonary edema) hypertension hypercalcemia
585
tropicamide: clinical use
produce mydriasis and cycloplegia for eye exam
586
lurasidone: class
atypical antipsychotic
587
verapamil: clinical use
HTN stable/unstable angina atrial fibrillation/flutter
588
milrinone: AEs
tachycardia ventricular arrhythmias hypotension
589
methylphenidate: class
CNS stimulant
590
bosentan: class
endothelin receptor antagonist
591
sulfisoxazole: class
sulfonamide
592
clarithromycin: class
protein synthesis inhibitor | (macrolide)
593
tigecycline: clinical use
vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) MRSA
594
cevimeline: class
direct muscarinic agonist
595
class IC antiarrhythmics: AEs
proarrhythmic contraindicated in structural and ischemic heart disease
596
guaifenesin: MOA
expectorant
597
low potency typical antipsychotics
chlorpromazine thioridazine
598
ivabradine: AEs
luminous phenomena / visual brightness hypertension bradycardia
599
timolol: clinical use
glaucoma | (decreases production of aqueous humor)
600
nebivolol: clinical use
hypertension
601
octreotide: MOA
somatostatin analog -\> inhibits secretion of various splanchnic vasodilatory hormones
602
clonidine: clinical use
ADHD Tourette syndrome hypertensive urgency symptom control in opioid withdrawal
603
hypertension in asthma: treatment
ARBs Ca channel blockers thiazide diuretics cardioselective beta-blockers **AVOID: ACE inhibitors, non-selective beta-blockers**
604
trimethoprim: AEs
megaloblastic anemia leukopenia granulocytopenia hyperkalemia
605
flumazenil: clinical use
benzodiazepine overdose
606
metronidazole: MOA
forms toxic free radical metabolites in bacterial cell -\> damage DNA (bactericidal)
607
dextroamphetamine: class
CNS stimulant
608
vancomycin: clinical use
MRSA c.diff (oral) empiric therapy for endocarditis empiric therapy for severe pneumonia or sepsis
609
theophylline: MOA
inhibits phosphodiesterase -\> increases cAMP levels due to decreased cAMP hydrolysis -\> bronchodilation
610
dicloxacillin: class
beta-lactam (antistaphylococcal penicillin) (beta-lactamase resistant)
611
ticarcillin: class
beta-lactam | (antipseudomonal penicillin)
612
omalizumab: clinical use
allergic asthma resistant to inhaled corticosteroids and LABAs
613
chlorthalidone: class
thiazide diuretic
614
dapsone: AEs
hemolysis in G6PD deficiency methemoglobinemia agranulocytosis
615
trimethoprim: MOA
inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase -\> inhibits folate synthesis (bacteriostatic)
616
mannitol: contraindications
anuria HF
617
tamsulosin: class
alpha-1 blocker
618
sertraline: class
SSRI
619
dofetilide: clinical use
atrial fibrillation/flutter
620
piroxicam: class
NSAID
621
clindamycin: AEs
c diff fever
622
inhaled corticosteroids: clinical use
asthma prophylaxis
623
aripiprazole: AEs
QT prolongation
624
carbachol: class
direct muscarinic agonist
625
linezolid: clinical use
vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) MRSA
626
alpha-1 blockers: AEs
orthostatic hypotension dizziness headache
627
omalizumab: class
anti-IgE
628
clarithromycin: metabolism
inhibits CYP450
629
trihexyphenidyl: class
muscarinic antagonist
630
clonidine: class
alpha-2 agonist
631
sildenafil: MOA
inhibits PDE-5 -\> increases cGMP -\> prolongs vasodilatory effect of NO
632
methyldopa: AEs
hemolysis (direct Coombs +) drug-induced lupus hyperprolactinemia
633
phenobarbital: class
barbiturate
634
thiazide diuretics: effect on blood pH
alkalemia (increased pH)
635
carbapenems
doripenem imipenem meropenem ertapenem
636
PDE-based platelet inhibitor: MOA
increases cAMP -\> inhibition of platelet aggregation
637
penicillin V: class
beta-lactam (natural penicillin) (beta-lactamase-sensitive)
638
misoprostol: MOA
PGE1 analog -\> increase production and secretion of gastric mucus barrier and decreases acid production
639
class IB antiarrhythmics
lidocaine mexiletine phenytoin
640
cimetidine: AEs
antiandrogenic effects (prolactin release, gynecomastia, impotence, decreased libido in males) crosses BBB (confusion, dizziness, headache) decrease renal excretion of creatinine
641
sulfadiazine: class
sulfonamide
642
reslizumab: class
anti-IL-5
643
celecoxib: clinical use
rheumatoid arthritis osteoarthritis
644
esmolol: clinical use
supraventricular/ventricular arrhythmias (particularly in pheochromocytoma surgery)
645
ketorolac: class
NSAID
646
atorvastatin: class
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor
647
ethosuximide: MOA
blocks thalamic T-type Ca channels
648
doripenem: class
beta-lactam | (carbapenem)
649
dextromethorphan: clinical use
antitussive
650
amiodarone: class
class III antiarrhythmic
651
anticholinesterase poisoning: nicotinic effects
neuromuscular blockade
652
sulfasalazine: clinical use
ulcerative colitis Crohn disease (with colitis)
653
fluticasone: class
inhaled corticosteroid
654
carbapenems: AEs
GI distress rash CNS toxicity (seizures)
655
linezolid: AEs
thrombocytopenia peripheral neuropathy serotonin syndrome
656
escitalopram: class
SSRI
657
certolizumab: clinical use
RA psoriasis ankylosing spondylitis IBD
658
calcium carbonate: class
antacid
659
trihexyphenidyl: clinical use
Parkinsonism acute dystonia
660
alprazolam: metabolism
CYP3A4
661
teriparatide: MOA
recombinant PTH analog -\> increase osteoblastic activity
662
labetalol: clinical use
hypertension in pregnancy hypertensive emergency pheochromocytoma
663
triazolam: class
benzodiazepine
664
ethosuximide: class
anticonvulsant
665
physostigmine: clinical use
antidote for anticholinergic toxicity
666
guanfacine: AEs
CNS depression bradycardia hypotension respiratory depression miosis rebound hypertension
667
mexiletine: class
class IB antiarrhythmic
668
glycopyrrolate: clinical use
pre-operative to reduce respiratory secretions
669
ibutilide: AEs
QT prolongation (torsades)
670
furosemide: class
sulfonamide loop diuretic
671
gemfibrozil: class
fibrate
672
ondansetron: MOA
5-HT3 antagonist -\> decreased vagal stimulation -\> antiemetic
673
dipyridamol: clinical use
claudication stroke prevention prevention of coronary stent restenosis cardiac stress testing
674
probenecid: MOA
inhibits reabsorption of uric acid in PCT -\> prevents gout crystals
675
suvorexant: clinical use
insomnia
676
oxazepam: class
benzodiazepine
677
phenytoin: MOA
blocks Na channels
678
sacubitril: AEs
hypotension hyperkalemia cough dizziness **contraindicated with ACE inhibitors (due to angioedema risk)**
679
aztreonam: clinical use
hospitalized patients with penicillin allergy
680
etanercept: class
TNFa inhibitor
681
cefoxitin: clinical use
pelvic inflammatory disease (with doxycycline) pre-op in children with appendicitis (with metronidazole)
682
PCSK9 inhibitors: MOA
inactivation of LDL receptor degradation, leading to increased removal of LDL from blood
683
inhaled corticosteroid: MOA
inhibit synthesis of cytokines inactivates NF-kB -\> inhibits production of TNF-a -\> anti-inflammatory
684
phentolamine: class
nonselective alpha blocker
685
losartan: class
angiotension II receptor blocker (ARB)
686
first generation H1 blockers: clinical use
allergy motion sickness sleep aid
687
magnesium: clinical use
tx of torsades de pointes tx of digoxin toxicity
688
fluoxetine: class
SSRI
689
ezetimibe: clinical use
hyperlipidemia
690
diazepam: clinical use
anxiety anesthesia muscle spasms status epilepticus ethanol withdrawal
691
mannitol: clinical use
elevated intracranial pressure elevated intraocular pressure drug overdose
692
benralizumab: class
anti-IL-5
693
verapamil: AEs
gingival hyperplasia cardiac depression (may cause acute HF) AV block constipation hyperprolactinemia
694
SAMA: clinical use
asthma COPD
695
ARBs: clinical use
hypertension HF proteinuria diabetic nephropathy CKD
696
K sparing diuretics: effect on blood pH
acidemia (decreased pH)
697
omega-1 (benzodiazepine-1) agonists: clinical use
insomnia
698
clozapine: AEs
agranulocytosis myocarditis seizures metabolic syndrome (weight gain, diabetes, dyslipidemia) QT prolongation
699
polymyxins: clinical use
salvage therapy for multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria (pseudomonas, E coli, klebsiella)
700
acetazolamide: AEs
proximal renal tubular acidosis paresthesias NH3 toxicity sulfa allergy hypokalemia calcium phosphate kidney stones
701
octreotide: AEs
nausea cramps steatorrhea increased risk of cholelithiasis (due to CCK inhibition)
702
acetazolamide: MOA
inhibits carbonic anhydrase -\> NaHCO3 diuresis
703
betaxolol: clinical use
glaucoma in asthmatics
704
tamsulosin: clinical use
benign prostatic hypertrophy
705
atypical antipsychotics: clinical use
schizophrenia (positive and negative symptoms) bipolar disorder anxiety disorders mania depression Tourette syndrome OCD
706
class IC antiarrhythmics: strength of Na channel blockade
strong
707
adalimumab: class
TNFa inhibitor
708
valproic acid: metabolism
CYP450 inhibitor | (increases levels of other drugs)
709
natural penicillins
penicillin G penicillin V
710
aspirin: MOA
irreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase (both COX1 and 2) -\> decreased synthesis of TXA2 and prostaglandins -\> increased bleeding time (no effect on PT, PTT)
711
ramelteon: clinical use
insomnia
712
teriparatide: clinical use
osteoporosis
713
amiloride: class
K-sparing diuretic | (ENaC inhibitor)
714
fibrates: AEs
myopathy cholesterol gallstones
715
proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)
-prazole (omeprazole, lansoprazole, esomeprazole, pantoprazole, dexlansoprazole)
716
eszopiclone: class
omega-1 (benzodiazepine-1) agonist
717
antileukotrienes: AEs
hepatotoxic
718
metronidazole: clinical use
anaerobic infections below the diaphragm protozoal infections (giardia, entamoeba, trichomonas, gardnerella)
719
LAMA: clinical use
asthma COPD
720
PDE-5 inhibitors: MOA
decreases hydrolysis of cGMP -\> increases cGMP -\> increases smooth muscle relaxation by enhancing NO activity
721
digoxin: AEs
cholinergic effects (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea) blurry yellow vision arrhythmias AV block hyperkalemia
722
leflunomide: AEs
diarrhea hypertension hepatotoxicity teratogenicity
723
carbapenems: clinical use
hospitalized patients with serious infections
724
benztropine: clinical use
Parkinsonism acute dystonia
725
mirtazapine: AEs
sedation increased serum cholesterol increased appetite
726
valsartan: class
angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB)
727
N-acetylcysteine: clinical use
COPD CF antidote for acetaminophen overdose
728
diltiazem: class
non-dihydropyridine Ca channel blocker
729
orlistat: MOA
inhibits gastric and pancreatic lipase -\> decreases breakdown and absorption of dietary fats
730
benzodiazepines: MOA
increases frequency of Cl channel opening -\> facilitates GABA action
731
methamphetamine: class
CNS stimulant
732
propranolol: clinical use
hypertension supraventricular/ventricular arrhythmia angina migraine prophylaxis thyrotoxicosis pheochromocytoma
733
piperacillin: class
beta-lactam | (antipseudomonal penicillin)
734
chlorpromazine: class
typical antipsychotic | (low potency)
735
ramelteon: class
melatonin receptor agonist
736
diazepam: class
benzodiazepine
737
lithium: metabolism
narrow therapeutic window - requires monitoring of serum levels exclusively excreted by kidneys - many drugs increase serum lithium (thiazides, NSAIDs, etc)
738
physostigmine: class
anticholinesterase
739
ceftriaxone: clinical use
meningitis gonorrhea Lyme disease
740
sacubitril: MOA
prevents degradation of natriuretic peptides, angiogension II, substance P
741
nicardipine: class
dihydropyridine Ca channel blocker
742
beta-lactamase inhibitors: clinical use
otitis media bacterial sinusitis bite wounds
743
doxylamine: class
first generation H1 blocker
744
roflumilast: MOA
increases cAMP in neutrophils, granulocytes, and bronchial epithelium
745
anticholinesterase poisoning: CNS effects
respiratory depression lethargy seizures coma
746
aspirin: class
NSAID
747
simvastatin: class
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor
748
formoterol: class
long-acting beta-2 agonist (LABA)
749
amiodarone: AEs
QT prolongation (torsades) pulmonary fibrosis hepatotoxicity hypothyroidism/hyperthyroidism neurologic effects constipation CV effects (bradycardia, heart block, HF) corneal deposits / blue/gray skin deposits
750
clonidine: AEs
CNS depression bradycardia hypotension respiratory depression miosis rebound hypertension
751
clindamycin: clinical use
anaerobic infections above the diaphragm
752
loperamide: MOA
agonist at mu-opioid receptors -\> slows gut motility
753
topiramate: clinical use
partial (focal) seizures generalized seizures migraine prophylaxis
754
methacholine: class
direct muscarinic agonist
755
nitrates: contraindications
right ventricular infarction hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with PDE-5 inhibitor use
756
fenofibrate: class
fibrate
757
probenecid: clinical use
chronic gout (prevention)
758
ramipril: class
ACE inhibitor
759
metoclopramide: clinical use
diabetic gastroparesis postoperative gastroparesis antiemetic persistent GERD
760
misoprostol: AEs
diarrhea CONTRAINDICATED in women of childbearing potential (causes spontaneous abortion)
761
nimodipine: clinical use
subarachnoid hemorrhage
762
allopurinol: clinical use
chronic gout (prevention) prevention of tumor lysis-associated urate nephropathy (in lymphoma and leukemia)
763
zileuton: MOA
5-lipooxygenase inhibitor -\> blocks conversion of arachidonic acid to leukotrienes
764
zolpidem: class
omega-1 (benzodiazepine-1) agonist
765
phenobarbital: clinical use
anticonvulsant in neonates anxiety insomnia
766
galantamine: clinical use
Alzheimer's disease
767
zafirlukast: class
antileukotriene
768
beta blockers: metabolism
CYP2D6 | (not CYP3A4)
769
roflumilast: class
PDE-4 inhibitor
770
LAMA: AEs
increased body temperature increased HR dry mouth flushed skin cycloplegia constipation disorientation urinary retention
771
olanzapine: class
atypical antipsychotic
772
ranolazine: MOA
inhibits late phase of inward sodium current, reducing diastolic wall tension
773
fibrates: MOA
upregulates lipoprotein lipase, increasing triglyceride clearance activates PPAR-alpha to induce HDL synthesis
774
tolterodine: class
muscarinic antagonist
775
fluvoxamine: class
SSRI
776
lamotrigine: class
anticonvulsant
777
acetaminophen: AEs
hepatotoxicity (metabolite (NAPQI) depletes glutathione and forms toxic byproducts)
778
clindamycin: MOA
binds to 50S subunit of bacterial ribosome -\> blocks translocation -\> bacteriostatic
779
antistaphylococcal penicillins: AEs
hypersensitivity reactions drug-induced interstitial nephritis
780
aripiprazole: class
atypical antipsychotic
781
alendronate: class
bisphosphonate
782
CNS stimulants: AEs
nervousness agitation anxiety insomnia anorexia and weight loss tachycardia hypertension bruxism
783
class IB antiarrhythmics: AEs
CNS stimulation/depression cardiovascular depression
784
paliperidone: class
atypical antipsychotic
785
class IV antiarrhythmics: clinical use
prevention of nodal arrhythmias (SVT) rate control in atrial fibrillation
786
carvedilol: class
nonselective alpha and beta blocker
787
quinidine: AEs
cinchonism (headache, tinnitus) thrombocytopenia QT prolongation (torsades)
788
quetiapine: AEs
metabolic syndrome (weight gain, diabetes, dyslipidemia) QT prolongation
789
daptomycin: MOA
disrupts cell membrane of gram-positive cocci by creating transmembrane channels
790
sacubitril: clinical use
HFrEF (in combination with ARBs)
791
fluoroquinolones: MOA
inhibit prokaryotic topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) and topoisomerase IV (bactericidal)
792
sildenafil: class
PDE-5 inhibitor
793
sildenafil: class
PDE-5 inhibitor
794
vancomycin: MOA
binds D-Ala-D-Ala portion of cell wall precursors -\> inhibits cell wall peptidoglycan formation
795
bile acid resins: clinical use
hyperlipidemia
796
proton pump inhibitors: clinical use
peptic ulcers gastritis esophageal reflux Zollinger-Ellison syndrome H pylori
797
vigabatrin: class
anticonvulsant
798
sumatriptan: MOA
5-HT agonist -\> induce vasoconstriction

Step Master Deck (4 decks)

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