Pharmacology Flashcards
What happens when you abruptly stop taking beta-blockers
Increased contractility, blood pressure and heart rate will increase.
Beta-blockers
inhibit sympathetic response ( epinephrine and norepinephrine) by blocking beta -1 adrenergic receptors.
Reduce myocardial demand by reducing heart rate and contractility, control arrhythmia, chest pain; reduce blood pressure.
Idicated for htn, arrhythmias, HF, MI, Migrains, Raynauds, anxiety
Side effects” bronchoconstriction, decrease max exercise capacity, OH, depression.
decreases maximal exercise capacity
Both HR and SBP will still rise with activity, but will be blunted
ends in “olol”
ACE Inhibitors
Inhibit conversion of angiotension 1 to angiotension 2, decreases Na retention and peripheral vasoconstriction in order to decrease blood pressure.
Ends in “-pril”
Angiotension 2 receptor blockers
Blocks binder of angiotension 2 at the tissue/smooth muscle level, decreasing blood pressure.
eg. losartan
Nitrates
Decrease preload through peripheral vasodilation, reduce myocardial oxygen demand, reduce chest discomfort ( angina, may also dilate coronary arteries, improve coronary blood flow.
Decreases cardiaoc workload and decrease oxygen demand
Calcium Channel blocking agents
Inhibit flow of calcium ions, decrease heart rate, decrease contractility, dilate coronary arteries, reduce BP, control arrhythmitas, chest pain.
Ex. diltiazem, verapamil, nifedipine, “ipine”
Antiarrhythmics
alter conductivity, restore normal heart rhythm, control arrhythmias, improve CO
eg. quinidine, procainamide
Digitalis
increases contractility and decreases heart rate: mainstay in the treatment of CHF
Diuretics
decreases myocardial work ( reduce preload and afterload), control hypertension
increase Na and H20 excretion
Side effect: hypotension, confusion, fatigue, possible Na/K depletion
eg. “-ide” furosemide, lasix, hyrochlorothiazide, Esidrix
Aspirin
decreases platelet aggregation; may prevent myocardial infarction.
tranquilizers
decrease anxiety, sympathetic effects.
Hypolipidemic agents
statins
Anticoagulants
used primarily in DVT
Ex: Heparin and oral anticoagulants
Heparin
increase effects of antithrombin ( IV or subcutaneously)
ex. “-parin” , Lovenox
Oral Anticoagulants
In the liver decreases the synthesist of clotting factors, inhibit vit K function ?
Ex. Warfarin/coumadin
Antithrombotics
inhibit platelet activity , dec platelet induced clots
ie. aspirin
inhibits PG production
Thrombolytics
initiate clot breakdown by activating plasmin
helps dissolve clots in coronary carotid arteries
prevent reverse damage during MI/stroke
“ase”
Baclofen
ie Lioseral
site of action CNS
decreases spasticity and spasms
leads to decreased strength may lose postural control
Diazepam
eg. Valium oral medication site of action CNS improves motor control difficult to maintain a steady stated ( con)
Dantrolene Sodium
eg. dantrium oral medication site of action muscle can be effective for some pathes side effects: drowsiness, hypotonia, weakness
Antitussives
Opioids: Codeine, Dextromethorphane, hydrocodone
suppress cough reflex at the brainstem
Antihistamines
Block H1 receptor and decreases effects of histamine on upper respiratory tract
used to treat histmaine-mediated, coughing, sneexing, irritation
widespread use: seasonal allergies, colds, etc
primary problems if cross BBB sedation, fatigue, inccordination, sedative, reduce productive cough
ie. “-ine”
Decongestants
Alpha 1 receptor agonist
vasoconstriction nasal mucosa
should be administered locally ( nasal spray) whenever possible
Oral ( systemic) administration may cause serious side effects.
Side effects * cardiac palpitations , increased BP, headache, nausea, nervousness, cardiovascular stimulation.
Mucolytics
Mucolythics break up and decrease viscosity of mucous; make it easier to raise and expel
ie. Acetylcysteine, mucosil
* * antidote for acetominophen poisoning !!!
ie.
