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NPTE > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What happens when you abruptly stop taking beta-blockers

A

Increased contractility, blood pressure and heart rate will increase.

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2
Q

Beta-blockers

A

inhibit sympathetic response ( epinephrine and norepinephrine) by blocking beta -1 adrenergic receptors.
Reduce myocardial demand by reducing heart rate and contractility, control arrhythmia, chest pain; reduce blood pressure.
Idicated for htn, arrhythmias, HF, MI, Migrains, Raynauds, anxiety

Side effects” bronchoconstriction, decrease max exercise capacity, OH, depression.
decreases maximal exercise capacity

Both HR and SBP will still rise with activity, but will be blunted

ends in “olol”

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3
Q

ACE Inhibitors

A

Inhibit conversion of angiotension 1 to angiotension 2, decreases Na retention and peripheral vasoconstriction in order to decrease blood pressure.

Ends in “-pril”

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4
Q

Angiotension 2 receptor blockers

A

Blocks binder of angiotension 2 at the tissue/smooth muscle level, decreasing blood pressure.
eg. losartan

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5
Q

Nitrates

A

Decrease preload through peripheral vasodilation, reduce myocardial oxygen demand, reduce chest discomfort ( angina, may also dilate coronary arteries, improve coronary blood flow.
Decreases cardiaoc workload and decrease oxygen demand

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6
Q

Calcium Channel blocking agents

A

Inhibit flow of calcium ions, decrease heart rate, decrease contractility, dilate coronary arteries, reduce BP, control arrhythmitas, chest pain.

Ex. diltiazem, verapamil, nifedipine, “ipine”

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7
Q

Antiarrhythmics

A

alter conductivity, restore normal heart rhythm, control arrhythmias, improve CO

eg. quinidine, procainamide

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8
Q

Digitalis

A

increases contractility and decreases heart rate: mainstay in the treatment of CHF

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9
Q

Diuretics

A

decreases myocardial work ( reduce preload and afterload), control hypertension
increase Na and H20 excretion
Side effect: hypotension, confusion, fatigue, possible Na/K depletion

eg. “-ide” furosemide, lasix, hyrochlorothiazide, Esidrix

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10
Q

Aspirin

A

decreases platelet aggregation; may prevent myocardial infarction.

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11
Q

tranquilizers

A

decrease anxiety, sympathetic effects.

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12
Q

Hypolipidemic agents

A

statins

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13
Q

Anticoagulants

A

used primarily in DVT

Ex: Heparin and oral anticoagulants

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14
Q

Heparin

A

increase effects of antithrombin ( IV or subcutaneously)

ex. “-parin” , Lovenox

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15
Q

Oral Anticoagulants

A

In the liver decreases the synthesist of clotting factors, inhibit vit K function ?
Ex. Warfarin/coumadin

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16
Q

Antithrombotics

A

inhibit platelet activity , dec platelet induced clots
ie. aspirin
inhibits PG production

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17
Q

Thrombolytics

A

initiate clot breakdown by activating plasmin
helps dissolve clots in coronary carotid arteries
prevent reverse damage during MI/stroke
“ase”

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18
Q

Baclofen

A

ie Lioseral
site of action CNS
decreases spasticity and spasms
leads to decreased strength may lose postural control

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19
Q

Diazepam

A 
eg. Valium 
oral medication
site of action CNS
improves motor control
difficult to maintain a steady stated ( con)
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20
Q

Dantrolene Sodium

A 
eg. dantrium 
oral medication
site of action muscle
can be effective for some pathes
side effects: drowsiness, hypotonia, weakness
21
Q

Antitussives

A

Opioids: Codeine, Dextromethorphane, hydrocodone

suppress cough reflex at the brainstem

22
Q

Antihistamines

A

Block H1 receptor and decreases effects of histamine on upper respiratory tract
used to treat histmaine-mediated, coughing, sneexing, irritation
widespread use: seasonal allergies, colds, etc

primary problems if cross BBB sedation, fatigue, inccordination, sedative, reduce productive cough

ie. “-ine”

23
Q

Decongestants

A

Alpha 1 receptor agonist
vasoconstriction nasal mucosa
should be administered locally ( nasal spray) whenever possible
Oral ( systemic) administration may cause serious side effects.

Side effects * cardiac palpitations , increased BP, headache, nausea, nervousness, cardiovascular stimulation.

24
Q

Mucolytics

A

Mucolythics break up and decrease viscosity of mucous; make it easier to raise and expel

ie. Acetylcysteine, mucosil
* * antidote for acetominophen poisoning !!!

ie.

25
Q

Benzonatate

A

anethetic effect on vagal nerve ending in the airway

reduces the effects of irritation that starts the cough reflex.

26
Q

Expectorants

A

increase production of a thinner, more liquid phlegm, enhance effects of mucolytics

ie. Guaifenesin, mucinex

27
Q

Dornase alfa ( Pulmozyme)

A

DNA ase: breaks up DNA that has been released from inflammatory cells in airway
DNA makes mucuos very ciscous so this drug reduces DNA glue that holds mucous toghter
very helpful for people with CF

28
Q

Side effects Mucolytics and expectorants

A

may have nausea, vomiting, irritation of mouth with excessive use
beneficial for postural drainage.

29
Q

Theophylline

A

chemically simmilar to caffeine
powerful bronchodilator
some serious side effefts

30
Q

Anticholinergic drugs

A

Blocks acetylcholine from stimulating bronchial smooth muscle contraction
ex. ipratropium
tiotropium

used for COPD. No usually problematic at early stages side effects increase with higher dosages.

31
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

powerful antiinflamtatory steroids
systemic administration or inhaled ( less side effects)

side effects: catabolic effects ( muscle wasting, osteoporosis, etc..

32
Q

Bronchodilators

A

Stimulates beta 2 receptors

There are nonselectie ( beta 1) and selective ( beta2)

33
Q

Vasodilators

A

act directly on vascular smooth muscles inhibit contraction
indicated htn, heart failure
ex. hydralazine, minoxidil
Adverse effects: tachycardia, OH, Dizziness, HA,

34
Q

Short acting anticholingergic

Short acting beta agonists

A

Bronhodilators
Used for immediate releif of breakthrough symptoms of tightness wheezing, shortness of breath,
Adverse effect: tachycaria

Ex: levalbuteraol, atrovent, albuterol

35
Q

GLucocorticoids Pulmonary

A

help to maintain optimal airway diameter
Reduce airway inflammation
Adverse effects: hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, poor healing, proximal muscle weakness

36
Q

Cromones

A

antiallergens prevens bronchoconstriction

37
Q

Leukotriene antagonist

A

prevents bronchospasm and inflammatory respone

38
Q

Combination Medications used to treat Asthma and COPD

A

Combination of long acting beta 2 agonist and corticosteroids.

39
Q

Raloxifene

A

Osteoporosis medication for women. Increases risk of clotting for stroke and for DVT

40
Q

Methotrexate (Trexall)

A

Indicated for RA

41
Q

Anti-aahythmic drugs

A

ie. lidocaine, dilantin, norpace, quinidine, control or prevent cardiac arrhythmias that can be fatal

42
Q

Anti-cholinergic

A

used with IV for heart block or bradycardia
inhibit acetcholine at the parasympthatic nerves blocking vagal effects on SA and AV nodes of the heart
side effects: palpitations, headache, restlessness, ataxia, dry mouth, blurred vision
eg. atropine

43
Q

methotrexate (Trexall)

A

Gold standard for RA, can also be used for cancer

44
Q

Meperidine (Demerol)

A

Opioid medication

45
Q

eliquis (apixaban)

A

anticoagulant

46
Q

Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft

A

antidepressents

47
Q

fluticasone (Flovent)

A

glucocorticoid

48
Q

Drug with side effect of raynauds

A

Aspirin

NPTE (2 decks)

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