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Gary's Phase 2a > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What is First Order Kinetics?

A

When a constant PROPORTION of the drug is eliminated per unit time

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2
Q

What is Zero Order Kinetics?

A

When a constant AMOUNT of drug is eliminated per unit time

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3
Q

What is Bioavailability

A

The amount of administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation unaltered

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4
Q

What is Adsorption?

A

The process of transfer from the site of administration to the general or systemic circulation

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5
Q

What is Distribution?

A

The process by which the drug is reversibly transferred from the general circulation to the tissues as blood concentration increases. It then returns to the general circulation

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6
Q

What is volume distribution?

A

The theoretical VOLUME that would be necessary to contain the total amount of administered drug at the same concentration it is held in the plasma.

= total amount of drug in body
= dose/plasma

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7
Q

What is elimination?

A

The removal of drug activity from the body via metabolism or excretion

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8
Q

METABOLISM.

What happens in Phase 1?

A

DEGRADATIVE

The change to a polar metabolism by unmasking/adding a functional group e.g. OH

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9
Q

METABOLISM

What happens in phase 2?

A

SYNTHETIC

Conjugation —> the formation of a covalent bond makes drug less active e.g. glucuronic acid

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10
Q

What are adverse drug reactions?

A

Unwanted or harmful reactions following administrations of a drug or combination of drugs under normal conditions of use and is suspected to be related to one drug.

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11
Q

What is a side effect?

A

Unwanted effect of a drug

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12
Q

THOMPSON CLASSIFICATION.

What is a type A reaction?

A

Augmented pharmacological.
Predictable and dose-dependent, common
e.g. morphine and constipation

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13
Q

THOMPSON CLASSIFICATION.

What is a type B reaction?

A

Bizarre and idiosyncratic
Non-predictable/dose-dependent
e.g. Penicillin and anaphylaxis

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14
Q

THOMPSON CLASSIFICATION.

What is a type C reaction?

A

Chronic

e.g. steroids and osteoporosis

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15
Q

THOMPSON CLASSIFICATION.

What is a type D reaction?

A

Delayed

Malignancy after immunosuppression

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16
Q

THOMPSON CLASSIFICATION.

What is a type E reaction?

A

End of treatment

Opioid withdrawal

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17
Q

THOMPSON CLASSIFICATION.

What is a type F reaction?

A

Failure

18
Q

What is affinity?

A

How well a drug can bind to another receptor (speed and strength)

19
Q

What is potency?

A

The amount of drug needed to produce a given effect (affinity and number of receptors)

20
Q

What is efficacy?

A

The maximum effect that a drug can produce regardless of dose (E-max)

21
Q

What is an agonist?

A

A compound that binds to a receptor and activates it

22
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

A compound that binds to a receptor and inhibits it

23
Q

DRUG INTERACTIONS

What is meant by “Physiochemical?”

A

When the drugs physically react with one another e.g. paracetamol and activated charcoal adsorption

24
Q

What is pharmacodynamics?

A

What the drug does to the body e.g. Beta blockers reduce the HR

25
Q

PHARMACODYNAMICS

What is meant by summation?

A

The effect of 2 drugs together

1+1 = 2
So you can give half of each and get the same response

26
Q

PHARMACODYNAMICS

What is meant by synergism?

A

Where 2 drugs are put together, and the sum of their parts is greater than is expected e.g. paracetamol and morphine

1+1 > 2

27
Q

PHARMACODYNAMICS

What is meant by antagonism?

A

Where 2 drugs work against each other e.g. morphine and naloxone

1 + 1 = 0

28
Q

PHARMACODYNAMICS

What is meant by potentiation?

A

Where 2 drugs interact, and 1 drug makes the other drug more “powerful” e.g. probenecid and penicillin

1 + 1 = 1.5, A–> B but not same as B–> A

29
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A

The effect the body has on the drug

30
Q

What type of molecule are drug targets usually?

A

Proteins such as receptors, enzymes, transporters and ion channels

31
Q

Give an example of ligand-gated receptors

A

Nicotinic ACh receptors

32
Q

Give an example of something that targets G-protein coupled receptors

A

Beta adrenoreceptors

33
Q

Give an example of kinase-linked receptors

A

Growth factors

34
Q

Give an example of nuclear receptors

A

Steroid receptors

35
Q

ANAPHYLAXIS AND HYPERSENSITIVITY

What is a Type I reaction?

A

IgE mediated response after previous exposure e.g. anaphylaxis from bee stings, nuts

36
Q

ANAPHYLAXIS AND HYPERSENSITIVITY

What is a Type II reaction?

A

Antibody (IgG, IgM) mediated against drug

37
Q

ANAPHYLAXIS AND HYPERSENSITIVITY

What is a Type III reaction?

A

Immune complex mediates i.e. antigen and antibody e.g. SLE, hypersensitivity pneumonitis

38
Q

ANAPHYLAXIS AND HYPERSENSITIVITY

What is a Type IV reaction?

A

Delayed/T cell-mediated e.g. chronic graft rejections

39
Q

How do you manage anaphylaxis?

A 
ABC
Stop drug
ADRENALINE
Oxygen
IV fluids
IV anti-histamine and hydrocortisone
40
Q

What is tolerance?

A

When down-regulation of a receptor occurs so you need a higher dose of the drug to achieve the same response

41
Q

What do you give to treat an opioid overdose?

A

Naloxone

Gary's Phase 2a (1 decks)

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