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Phase 2a Extra > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Vinblastine

A

Conventional chemotherapy. It is an antimicrotubule agent; it binds to mitotic spindles so the cells can’t divide

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2
Q

Etoposide

A

Conventional chemotherapy. Binds to topoisomerase 2 so the DNA can’t split and the cells cannot divide and replicate

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3
Q

Ifosamide

A

Conventional chemotherapy. Binds directly to DNA and inhibits DNA synthesis by cross-linking so the cells can’t divide

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4
Q

Cisplatin

A

Conventional chemotherapy. Binds directly to DNA and inhibits DNA synthesis by cross-linking so the cells can’t divide.

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5
Q

Cetuximab

A

Targeted chemotherapy. A monoclonal antibody against epidermal growth factor. It competitively inhibits EGFR.

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6
Q

Herceptin

A

Targeted chemotherapy for breast cancer. A monoclonal antibody against Her-2. It prevents her-2 molecules coming into contact with each other and proliferating. It binds to her-2 and transports it into the cell through endocytosis where it is then destroyed

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7
Q

Gleevec

A

Targeted chemotherapy. It is a small molecular inhibitor of C-kit tyrosine kinase. Can be used in chronic myeloid leukaemia.

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8
Q

Etanercept

A

TNF blocker. A fusion of IgG-Fc and the extra cellular domain of TNFR2. The dimer binds to TNF, and the monomer has no useful affinity

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9
Q

Infliximab

A

TNF blocker. A recombinant antibody. It is a chimeric human-mouse anti-human TNF.

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10
Q

Adalimumab

A

TNF blocker. A recombinant antibody. An entirely human IgG anti-human TNF

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11
Q

Abatacept

A

A selective co-stimulation modulator. It blocks early activation of T cells by masking CD80/86

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12
Q

Omeprazole

A

Proton pump inhibitor. Irreversibly inhibits acid secretion by interacting with the proton pump. Used in peptic ulcers, GORD, gastrinoma, prevention of NSAID-induced ulcers

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13
Q

Simvastatin

A

Statin. Lipid-lowering drug. Prevention of CVS

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14
Q

Enalapril

A

ACE inhibitor. Used as hypertensives. Mimics angiotensin 1 and competitively inhibits ACE

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15
Q

Paracetamol

A

COX inhibitor. Analgesic, anti-pyretic

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16
Q

Salbutamol

A

Short-acting bronchodilator. Beta-2-adrenoreceptor agonist. Use in asthma and COPD. Activates adenylyl cyclase, which increases c-AMP, relaxes smooth muscle and causes mast cell stabilisation and inhibits histamine release

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17
Q

Atenolol

A

Beta-1-adrenoreceptor blocker. Used in angina,, arrhythmias, heart failure and hypertension

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18
Q

Amlodipine

A

Dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It sits on top of the calcium channel and stop calcium from entering the cell, stopping vasoconstriction

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19
Q

Amoxicillin

A

Broad spectrum antibiotic. Used to treat pneumonia. Used in H.pylori positive peptic ulcers to treat the H.pylori

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20
Q

Tramadol

A

Opiate analgesic

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21
Q

NSAIDs

A

Analgesic, anti-pyretic, anti-inflammatory group of drugs. They inhibit COX, so prostaglandin H2 is not produced

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22
Q

Ibuprofen

A

An NSAID. Inhibits COX by competitively inhibiting it and binding to arachadonic acid. An analgesic and anti-pyretic and anti-inflammatory

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23
Q

Beta-lactam antibiotics

A

Inhibits transpeptides and inhibits cell wall biosynthesis

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24
Q

Furosemide

A

Diuretic. Inhibits Na, K, 2Cl transporter in the ascending loop of Henle. Reduces the reabsorption of salt. Loop diuretic.

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25
Thiazide
Diuretic. Inhibits the Na, K, Cl co-transporter in the distal tubule in the kidney. Inhibits the reabsorption of water.
26
Fluoxetine
Selective serotonin uptake inhibitor
27
Lidocaine
Local anaesthetic. Inhibits pain by sitting on the underside of the sodium channel and forming a plug so the sensory impulse is stopped
28
Botulinum toxin
Used for blepharospasm (twitching eyelids), spasticity, strabismus and urinary incontinence. Blocks ACh release at neuromuscular junction
29
Pancuronium
Used as a muscle relaxant in general anaesthesia, it is a competitive nAChr antagonist.
30
Neostigmine
Reversible cholinesterase. Used at the end of general anaesthesia to wake people up
31
Pilocarpine
Used in the eye during glaucoma. Muscarinic partial agonist. Contracts constrictor muscle and ciliary muscle.
32
Ipratropium
Bronchodilator used in COPD and asthma. Muscarinic antagonist inhibits vagal reflex activity. Non-selective, slow response, 6-8 hours. Competitively inhibits ACh so causes relaxation of airway smooth muscle
33
Tiotropium
Bronchodilator used in COPD and asthma. Muscarinic antagonist inhibits vagal reflex activity. M1/M3 selective, long acting. Competitively inhibits ACh so causes relaxation of airway smooth muscle
34
Amphetamine
Adrenergic agonist. Stimulates noradrenaline release at synaptic cleft. Delays fatigue
35
Naloxene
Reverses opioid induced respiratory depression
36
Polyene
Treats systemic and topical fungal infections by inhibiting ergosterol biosynthesis
37
Allylamine
Treats superficial fungal infections by inhibiting ergosterol biosynthesis
38
Echinocandin
Treats systemic fungal infections by inhibiting the formation of the cell wall glucan
39
Pyrimidine
Treats systemic fungal infections by inhibiting DNA and RNA synthesis
40
Cefotaxime
Antibiotic that treats meningitis
41
Ceftriaxone
Antibiotic that treats meningitis
42
Clavulanic acid
Beta-lactamase inhibitor. Used in conjunction with beta-lactam antibiotics when dealing with resistant bacteria
43
Tazobactam
Beta-lactamase inhibitor. Used in conjunction with beta-lactams antibiotics when dealing with resistant bacteria
44
Azteonam
Monobactam anti-biotic. Only active against gram negative bacilli
45
Vancomycin
Glycopeptide antibiotic. Gram positive agents only. IV only, reserved for resistant/serious bacteria eg MRSA
46
Erythromycin
Macolide antibiotic. Good strep and staph activity (gram positive). Used as an alternative to penicillin in patients who are allergic
47
Clarithromycin
Antibiotic. Good strep and staph activity (gram positive). Can be used instead of penicillin/amoxicillin. Used in peptic ulcers to treat H.pylori
48
Gentamycin
Antibiotic. Active against enterobacteriaceae , pseudomonas and staph (including MRSA). Very toxic so monitor well.
49
Fusidic acid.
Mainly an anti-staph agent. Must not use alone to prevent resistance.
50
Linezolid
Inhibitor of bacterial protein synthesis. Active against gram positive only, including MRSE and VRE. Expensive
51
Rifampicin
Used primarily for TB but can be used against staph. Resistance develops rapidly so use in combination. Can be used to treat cholecstatic itching but can damage the liver.
52
Rituximab
A monoclonal antibody. Binds to the CD29 receptor on B cells. Used in lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.
53
Clopidogrel
An irreversible P2Y12 antagonist that affects platelet function. Inhibits ADP induced platelet aggregation. Anti-platelet, similar to aspirin
54
Ticagrelor
A reversible P2Y12 oral antagonist. Doesn't require metabolic conversion so has a fast onset of action and anti-platelet effect
55
Tirofiban
A GP2b3a inhibitor. Has a rapid onset and rapid reversibility of anti platelet effect
56
Ramipril
ACE inhibitor. Used in hypertension, heart failure and diabetic nephropathy. Adverse effects include hypotension and renal failure
57
Perindopril
ACE inhibitor. Used in hypertension, heart failure and diabetic nephropathy. Adverse effects include hypotension and renal failure
58
Enalapril
ACE inhibitor. Used in hypertension, heart failure and diabetic nephropathy. Adverse effects include hypotension and renal failure
59
Trandolapril
ACE inhibitor. Used in hypertension, heart failure and diabetic nephropathy. Adverse effects include hypotension and renal failure
60
Candesartan
Angiotensin 2 receptor blocker. Used for hypertension, diabetic nephropathy and heart failure.
61
Valsartan
Angiotensin 2 receptor blocker. Used for hypertension, diabetic nephropathy and heart failure.
62
Telmisartan
Angiotensin 2 receptor blocker. Used for hypertension, diabetic nephropathy and heart failure.
63
Losartan
Angiotensin 2 receptor blocker. Used for hypertension, diabetic nephropathy and heart failure.
64
Irbesartan
Angiotensin 2 receptor blocker. Used for hypertension, diabetic nephropathy and heart failure.
65
Amlodipine
Calcium channel blocker. Used for hypertension, IHD, arrhythmias, angina. Preferentially affect vascular smooth muscle and vasodilate peripheral arteries
66
Nifedipine
Calcium channel blocker. Used for hypertension, IHD, arrhythmias, angina. Preferentially affect vascular smooth muscle and vasodilate peripheral arteries
67
Felodipine
Calcium channel blocker. Used for hypertension, IHD, arrhythmias, angina. Preferentially affect vascular smooth muscle and vasodilate peripheral arteries
68
Lacidipine
Calcium channel blocker. Used for hypertension, IHD, arrhythmias, angina. Preferentially affect vascular smooth muscle and vasodilate peripheral arteries
69
Verapamil
Calcium channel blocker. Used for hypertension, IHD, arrhythmia, angina. Mainly affects the heart, it is negatively chronotopic and inotropic.
70
Diltiazem
Calcium channel blocker. Used for hypertension, IHD, arrhythmia, angina. Intermediate heart/peripheral vascular effects
71
Bisoprolol
Beta-1 selective beta-adrenoceptor blocker. Used for IHD, heart failure, arrhythmia and hypertension.
72
Metoprolol
Beta-1 selective beta-adrenoceptor blocker. Used for IHD, heart failure, arrhythmia and hypertension.
73
Carvedilol
Non-selective beta-adrenoceptor blocker. Used for IHD, heart failure, arrhythmia and angina.
74
Propranolol
Non-selective beta-adrenoceptor blocker. Used for IHD, heart failure, arrhythmia and angina.
75
Nadolol
Non-selective beta-adrenoceptor blocker. Used for IHD, heart failure, arrhythmia and angina.
76
Atenolol
Partially beta-1 selective beta-adrenoceptor blocker. Used for IHD, arrhythmia, heart failure and angina
77
Aspirin
Inhibits platelet aggregation. COX inhibitor, irreversibly inactivates COX binding to it. Analgesic, anti-pyretic.
78
Bendroflumethiazide
Thiazide and related diuretic. Works in the distal tubule. Used for hypertension and heart failure. Inhibits the reabsorption of water.
79
Hydrochlorothiazide
Thiazide and related diuretic. Works in the distal tubule. Used for hypertension and heart failure. Inhibits the reabsorption of water.
80
Bumetanide
Loop diuretic. Used for hypertension and heart failure. Works in the loop of Henle. Reduced the reabsorption of salt
81
Benzylpenicillin
Beta-lactam antibacterials. Treats many streptococcal, meningococcal infections, Lyme disease
82
Amoxicillin
Beta-lactam antibiotic. Treats chronic bronchitis and middle ear infections.
83
Cefalexin
Cephalosporin. Inhibits bacterial wall synthesis. Used for septicaemia, pneumonia, meningitis, biliary tract infection, peritonitis, UTIs
84
Aluminium hydroxide
Antacid used for dyspepsia and peptic ulceration
85
Ranitidine
H2-receptor antagonist. Used for gastric and duodenal ulceration, GORD
86
Cyclizine
Antihistamine used in nausea and vomiting caused by motion sickness, drug-induced, vestibular disorders
87
Metoclopramide
Used in post-op and GORD.
88
Ferrous sulphate
Oral iron. Treatment of iron deficiency, prophylaxis in high risk patients
89
Hydroxocobalamin
Vitamin B12 used for Vitamin B12 deficiency
90
Warfarin
Oral anticoagulants. Rapid anticoagulation in venous thromboembolism
91
Alteplase
Fibrinolytic drug. Used in acute MI, massive PE, acute Ischaemic stroke
92
Diclofenac
NSAID
93
Alendronic acid
Bisphosphonate. Prophylaxis and treatment of osteoporosis in combination with calcium and vitamin D
94
Disodium pamidronate
Bisphosphonate. Hypercalcaemia of malignancy and osteolytic lesions
95
Spironolactone
Aldosterone antagonist diuretic. Treats heart failure, Ascites in chronic liver disease
96
Adenosine
IV injection used for arrhythmias
97
Amiodarone hydrochloride
Oral or IV. Used for arrhythmias
98
Flecainide
Anti-arrhythmic drug
99
Digoxin
Anti-arrhythmic drug
100
Levothyroxine sodium
Thyroid hormone used for hypothyroidism, thyroid carcinoma
101
Carbimazole
Antithyroid drugs. Interferes with synthesis of thyroid hormones
102
Prednisolone
Corticosteroid. Used in primary adrenal insufficiency.
103
Hydrocortisone
Corticosteroid. Used in primary adrenal insufficiency.
104
Dexamethasone
Corticosteroid. Used in primary adrenal insufficiency.
105
Metformin
Oral antidiabetic drug
106
Carbamazepine
Antiepileptic drug. Used in adults

Phase 2a Extra (6 decks)

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