Pharmacology Flashcards
How does administration of a drug change in pregnancy?
delayed gastric emptying, nausea and vomiting, decreased esophageal sphincter tone
How does dispersion of a drug change in pregnancy?
increase volume distribution (increase TBW, ECF, fat)
decrease serum protein
How does metabolism of drugs change in pregnancy?
decrease in CYP 1A2 and 2C19 activity
increase in CYP 3A4, 2D6, 2C9, UGT activity
How does elimination of a drug change during pregnancy?
GFR increases by 50% (increased CO and renal blood flow)
What type of medications are likely to cross the placenta?
lipophilic
unionized; weak bases
low MW < 600 Da
not highly protein bound
When in pregnancy is the fetus most sensitive to teratogens?
first 8 weeks
If a drug is pregnancy category A, what does this mean?
studies in pregnant women show no risk to fetus
If a drug is pregnancy category X, what does this mean?
risk of using in pregnant women outweighs the possible benefit
Medications to avoid in pregnancy
carbamazepine, VPA, lithium, phenytoin, barbituates, opiods/benzodiazepines, statins, ACEi/ARBs/allskiren, warfarin, NSAID, tetracycline, Isotretinoin, chemotherapy, methotrexate, misoprostol, thalidomide
Women taking ___ at time of fertilization are less likely to develop serious nausea and vomiting
multivitamin
Nausea and vomiting usually begins around ____ and usually resolves around
4-6 weeks
16-20 weeks
first line for treating nausea and vomiting in pregnancy
B6, switching prenatal vitamin to folic acid, nausea bands, unisom
what causes GERD in pregnancy?
increase in progesterone resulting in relaxation of LES
First line management for GERD in pregnancy
lifestyle modifications
If lifestyle modifications are not effective in female patient with GERD, what medications do you want to try?
antacids (Mg, Ca) → H2 blockers (ranitidine) → PPI (omeprazole)
GERD drugs to avoid in pregnancy
sodium bicarbonate, magnesium trisilicate
first line for managing constipation in pregnancy
moderate physical activity, increase dietary fiber and fluid intake
Why do pregnant women experience constipation?
uterus compresses colon and increase in progesterone levels
second line for managing constipation in pregnancy
bulk forming laxatives (psyllium) or stool softener (docusate)
Third line for constipation in pregnancy
non saline osmotic laxative (PEG)
Fourth line for constipation in pregnancy
short term use of stimulant laxatives (bisocodyl, senna)
Constipation medcations to avoid in pregnancy
magnesium citrate, sodium phosphate, castor oil, mineral oil
Why do pregnant women get hemorrhoids?
increased abdominal pressure by large uterus → vascular engorgement and venous stasis
Medications for hemorrhoids a pregnant woman should avoid
NSAID
First line for treating hemorrhoids in pregnancy
increase dietary fiber and fluid intake
second and third line treatments for hemorrhoids in pregnancy
stool softeners, sitz baths
topical anesthetic, skin protectant and astringent