Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Endocrine - 2MB > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Features of endocrine control

A

1-Direct release of the hormones into the bloodstream
2-Speed on onset of action and duration differs
Adrenaline - fast, stays only for a couple of seconds
Insulin - Slow, but the effect can stay for hours, days or weeks

3-Each gland is separate but work together as a functional unit
4-low concentration of hormones required
5-High potency - high receptivity of the receptors to the specific hormones at very low concentrations
6-One hormone –> many targets (insulin –> kidney, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, hepatocytes etc..)
7-Many hormones can act on the same target cell
8- Amplification of the original signal - 1 hormone –> 1000s of secondary messengers
9 - Inactivation
Adrenaline - locally
Steroid hormones - in the liver before they are eliminated via the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Features of exocrine glands

A

Release of the secretions through the ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis?

A

Complex set on feedback interactions

Stress –> Hypothalamus - release Corticotrophin-releasing factor(CRF) –> Anterior pituitary gland - release ACTH –> Adrenal cortex - release cortisol

Cortisol - Stress hormone
negative feedback on Anterior Pituitary and Hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How is specificity in endocrine signalling achieved?

A

1- Chemically distinct hormones
2- Specific receptors for each type of hormone
3- Distribution and localisation of the specific receptors at specific target cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the seven classic endocrine glands?

A 
Pituitary gland 
Thyroid gland
Thymus
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Ovary
Testis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What influences the stay of the hormone in the body?

A

the chemical nature of the hormone

-determines if the hormone will stay in the inter-cellular or extra-cellular space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Chemical nature of hormones

  1. Modified amino acids
  2. Steroids
  3. Peptides (from larger precursor proteins)
  4. Proteins
A

1- Adrenaline, Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) - from modified amino acids like tyrosine and tyramine

2- Cortisol, progesterone and testosterone - from cholesterol

3- ACTH, Oxytocin and ADH

  1. Insulin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the chemical classes of these hormones?

1- Adrenaline, Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

2- Cortisol, progesterone and testosterone

3- ACTH, Oxytocin and ADH

  1. Insulin
A
  1. Modified amino acids, from tyrosine and tyramine
    2- Steroids, from cholesterol
    3- Peptides (from large precursor proteins)
    4- Proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which type of signalling is this an example of?

1 -White cells signalling each other
2- Histamine release
3- Insulin release and action

A

1- Autocrine
2- Paracrine
3- Endocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In which hormone is the modality of chemical signalling not absolute? Explain.

A

Somatostatin -
paracrine fasion - pancreas
endocrine fashion - brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Examples of complementary actions of hormones

A

Adrenaline, cortisol and glucagon - in response to short-term intense exercise, prevents hypoglycaemia and hypokalemia, enhances performance

Insulin, Growth hormone (GH), IGH-1 and sex steroids - essential in long-term growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which hormones are stimulated during short-term intense exercise? What are their effects?

A

Adrenaline, cortisol and glucagon

Effects:
1 - enhances performance
2- prevents hypoglycaemia and hypokalaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Examples of antagonistic actions of hormones.

A

Insulin - lowers the blood sugar levels, decreases glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

Glucagon - increases the blood sugar levels, increases the rate of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the actions of insulin?

A

lowers the blood sugar levels, decreases glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the actions of glucagon?

A

increases the blood sugar levels, increases the rate of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which enzyme converts cholesterol to cortisol?

A

Pregnenolone

17
Q

What is the rate limiting step in the production of steroids?

A

Conversion of cholesterol to cortisol by pregnenolone

18
Q

Which form of steroid is active?

A

The unbound steroid molecules in the biophase (free in the blood)

19
Q

Where are steroids stored in the body?

A

They are not stored, they are produced on demand and released after production

20
Q

What type of hormones are Thryoxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)?

A

they are modified amino-acid based hormones, but they are hydrophobic and lipid-solbule hormones

21
Q

What are the uses of carrier proteins in the blood?

A

1-Increase the amount of hormone transported in the blood
2- extends the half-life of the hormone
reservoir for the hormone
3- helps dampen the surge of hormones (by binding and docking the molecules of hormones)
4- acts as a buffer
5- helps to maintain the equilibrium btw bound and unbound steroid molecules

22
Q

Examples of insoluble hormones in the blood?

A

Steroids, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

23
Q

What are the specific carrier proteins and the hormones they carry?

A
  • Cortisol binding globulin (CBG)– cortisol in a selective manner (aldosterone as well)
  • Thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) – T4 selectively and some T3
  • Sex-steroid binding globulin (SSBG) – testosterone and oestradiol
24
Q

What are the general carrier proteins and the hormones they carry?

A
  • Albumin – many steroids and thyroxine

* Transthyretin – some steroids and mostly thyroxine

25
Q

What is the function of the globulins in controlling the surge of hormone release?

A

They dampen the surge of hormone release

when the surge occurs, they quickly bind to the hormones and make them inactive–> prevents the wild changes in the plasma concentration of the hormone

26
Q

How are the surges in hormone concentration buffered?

A

by binding to the carrier proteins

27
Q

What is the main determinant of the plasma concentration of a hormone?

A

Rate of secretion of the hormone

28
Q

What does the rate of secretion of the hormone depend on?

A

Simple negative feedback loops

29
Q

What are the two feedback mechanisms of cortisol? (in the HPA axis)

A

Short range feedback - increased cortisol release from the adrenal glands –> tells the anterior pituitary gland to decrease the secretion of ACTH

Long range feedback - increased cortisol release from the adrenal glands –> tells the hypothalamus to decrease the release of corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF)

30
Q

How does the diurnal circadian rhythm affect the release of hormone?

A

Morning hours(9-11 am) - cortisol level peaks
keeps decreasing as the day progresses
least level - 24:00

31
Q

plasma concentration of the hormone =

A

plasma secretion of the hormone - plasma elimination of the hormone

32
Q

Where does elimination of the hormones occur from?

A

1- locally
2- in the liver
3- from the kidneys

33
Q

Elimination rates of different types of hormones

Modified amino-acids
Peptides
Proteins
Steroids

A

Modified amino-acids - seconds
Peptides/ proteins - minutes
Steroids- hours to days (due to extensice binding with the carrier proteins)

Endocrine - 2MB (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions