Pharmacology

Question 1

Botulinum toxin

Answer 1

Given in: Achalasia
MOA: inhibits calcium dependant release of ACh, this relaxes the LOS
Side Effects:

Question 2

Antacids

Answer 2

Class: Magnesium/aluminium salts
Given in: dyspepsia
MOA: neutralise gastric acid secretion

Question 3

Omeprazole

Answer 3

Class: PPI
Given in: peptic ulcers and gastritis
MOA: block H+K+ ATPase pump

Question 4

Esomeprazole

Answer 4

Class: 2nd gen PPI
Given in: gastritis, peptic ulcers
MOA: block the H+K+ ATPase pump

Question 5

Rantidine

Answer 5

Class: H2 receptor antagonist
Given in: Gastritis, peptic ulcers
MOA: blocks H2 receptor on parietal cells in the stomach

Question 6

Cimetidine

Answer 6

Class: H2 receptor antagonist
Given in: gastritis, peptic ulcers
MOA: blocks the H2 receptor on the parietal cells in the stomach

Question 7

Fluorouricil (5-FU)

Answer 7

Class: pyrimidine analog
Given in: colorectal cancer
MOA: thymidylate synthase inhibitor, prevents pyrimidine from incorporating into DNA
Side Effects: immunosuppression, GI problems

Question 8

Folinic Acid (Leucovorin)

Answer 8

Class: calcium/sodium folinate
Given in: enhance 5-FU
MOA: stabilises bond of 5-FU with thymidylate synthase
Side Effects: insomnia, depression, agitation

Question 9

PEG Interferon alpha2A

Answer 9

Class: antiviral 
Given in: chronic hep B
MOA: activates immune response
Side Effects: flu like symptoms
Extra: low efficiency (works in less than 25% of people)

Question 10

Tenofovir

Answer 10

Class: antiviral
Given in: chronic hep B
MOA: nucleoside analogues which inhibit DNA polymerase
Note: they cannot clear virus due to presence of cccDNA

Question 11

Entecavir

Answer 11

Class: antiviral
Given in: chronic hep B
MOA: nucleoside analogues which inhibit DNA polymerase
Note: they cannot clear virus due to presence of cccDNA

Question 12

Sofosbuvir

Answer 12

Class: direct acting antiviral
Given in: Hep C
MOA: inhibition of HCV NS5B RNA dependant RNA polymerase

Question 13

Ribavirin

Answer 13

Class: antiviral
Given in: Hep C
MOA: nucleoside inhibitor

Question 14

Metformin

Answer 14

Class: Biguanide
Given in: Diabetes
MOA: activates AMP kinase which is involved in GLUT 4 metabolism
Side Effects: GI side effects

Question 15

Pioglitazone

Answer 15

Class: Thiazolidinediones
Given in: diabetes
MOA: activates PPAR gamma, this increases adipogenesis and glucose uptake
Side Effects: weight gain, oedema

Question 16

Glicazide

Answer 16

Class: sulfonylureas
Given in: diabetes
MOA: closes ATP sensitive K+ channel, resulting in depolarisation of pancreatic beta cells
Side Effects: weight gain, hypoglycaemia

Question 17

Incretins

Answer 17

Class: insulin secretagogues
Given in: diabetes
MOA: secretion of insulin
Side Effects: GI side effects

Question 18

Sitagliptin

Answer 18

Class: DDP-4 inhibitor
Given in: diabetes
MOA: increase the action of incretins by inhibition the inhibition of DDP-4 on incretins
Side Effects: GI side effects

Question 19

Gliflozin

Answer 19

Class: SGLT2 inhibitor
Given in: diabetes
MOA: inhibition of SGLT2, prevents glucose reabsorption
Side Effects: risk of UTIs

Question 20

Miglitol

Answer 20

Class: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor
Given in: diabetes
MOA: prevent digestion of carbohydrates, preventing increase of glucose levels
Side Effects: flatulence and diarrhoea

Question 21

Mannitol

Answer 21

Class: osmotic diuretic
MOA: acts on the PCT
Side Effects: hypotension

Question 22

Furosemide

Answer 22

Class: loop diuretic
MOA: acts on the ascending loop by block NCKK2 transporter
Side Effects: hypotension

Question 23

Bendroflumethiazide

Answer 23

Class: thiazide diuretic
MOA: acts on DCT to block Na+/Cl- symporter
Side Effects: hypotension

Question 24

Spironolactone

Answer 24

Class: k+ sparing diuretic
MOA: acts on DCT/Collecting duct, interferes with Na/K+ exchanger, reduces K+ excretion and Na+ reabsorption

Question 25

Finasteride

Answer 25

Class: 5alpha reductase inhibitors Given in: BPH MOA: blocks conversion of testosterone to DHT Side Effects: decreased libido

Question 26

Tamsulosin

Answer 26

Class: alpha 1 blocker Given in: BPH MOA: inhibits alpha 1 receptors resulting in relaxation of muscles of bladder beck Side Effects: retrograde ejaculation

Question 27

Carbimazole

Answer 27

Class: thyroid hormone inhibitor Given in: hyperthyroidism MOA: converted into methimazole, which blocks TPO conversion of iodine Side Effects: GI disturbance, nausea, agranulocytosis

Question 28

Propanolol

Answer 28

Class: non selective beta blocker Given in: hypertension, hyperthyroidism MOA: blocks adrenaline receptors Side Effects: bradycardia, GI disturbance