Pharmacology Flashcards
Adrenaline Presentation
1mg in 1ml
1mg in 10ml
Adrenaline Pharmacology
A naturally occurring alpha and beta adrenergic stimulant
Actions:
- Increases HR by increasing SA node firing rate (Beta 1)
- Increases conduction velocity through the AV node (Beta 1)
- Increases myocardial contractility (Beta 1)
- Increases the irritability of the ventricles (Beta 1)
- Causes bronchodilation (Beta 2)
- Causes peripheral vasoconstriction (Alpha)
Adrenaline Metabolism
By monoamine oxidase and other enzymes in the blood, liver and around nerve endings; excreted by the kidneys
Adrenaline Primary Emergency Indications
- Cardiac arrest- VF/VT, Asystole or PEA
- Inadequate perfusion (cardiogenic or non- cardiogenic/ non hypovolaemic)
- Bradycardia with poor perfusion
- Anaphylaxis
- Severe Asthma- imminent life threat not responding to nebulised therapy or unconscious with no BP
- Croup
Adrenaline Contraindications
- Hypovolaemic shock without adequate fluid replacement
Adrenaline Precautions
Consider reduced doses for:
- Elderly/ frail pts
- Pts with cardiovascular disease
- Pts on monoamine oxidase inhibitors
- Higher doses may be required for pts on beta blockers
Adrenaline Route of admin
IV, IM, ETT, Nebulised, IV infusion, IO
Adrenaline Side Effects
Sinus tachycardia Supraventricular Arrhtymias Ventricular Arrhythmias Hypertension Pupillary dilation May increase size of MI Feeling of anxiety/ palpitations in the conscious pt
Adrenaline IV effects
Onset: 30 seconds
Peak: 3-5 Mins
Duration: 5-10 mins
Adrenaline IM effects
Onset: 30-90 seconds
Peak: 4-10 mins
Duration: 5-10 mins
Aspirin Presentation
300mg chewable tablets
300mg soluble or water dispersible tablets
Aspirin Pharmacology
An analgesic, antipyretic, anti inflammatory and antiplatelet aggregation agent
Actions:
- To minimise platelet aggregation and thrombus formation in order to retard the progression of coronary artery thrombosis in ACS
- Inhibits synthesis of prostaglandins - anti inflammatory actions
Aspirin Metabolism
Converted to salicylate in the gut mucosa and liver; excreted mainly by the kidneys
Aspirin Primary Emergency Indications
ACS
Aspirin Contraindications
- Hypersensitivity to aspirin/ salicylates
- Actively bleeding peptic ulcers
- Bleeding disorders
- Suspected dissecting aortic aneurysm
- Chest pain associated with psychostimulant OD if SBP > 160
Aspirin Precautions
- Peptic Ulcer
- Asthma
- Pts on anticoagulants
Aspirin route of admin
Oral
Aspirin Side effects
Heartburn, nausea, GI bleeding
Increased bleeding time
Hypersensitivity reactions
Aspirin Special notes
Onset: N/A
Peak: N/A
Duration: 8-10days
Ceftriaxone Presentation
1g sterile powder
Ceftriaxone Pharmacology
Cephalosporin anti biotic
Ceftriaxone Metabolism
Excreted unchanged in urine and in bile
Ceftriaxone Primary Emergency Indications
- Suspected meningococcal septicaemia
2. Severe Sepsis (consult only)
Ceftriaxone Contraindications
- Allergy to Cephalosporin antibiotics
Ceftriaxone Precautions
- Allergy to penicillin anti biotics
Ceftriaxone Route of admin
IV (preferred)
IM
Ceftriaxone Side Effects
Nausea
Vomiting
Skin Rash
Ceftriaxone Special Notes
IV- must be made up to 10ml, using sterile water. administered over 2 mins
IM- must be made up to 4ml, using 1% Lignocaine and dose administered into upper lateral thigh
Ceftriaxone IM/IV effects
Onset: n/a
Peak: n/a
Duration: n/a
Dextrose 10% Presentation
25g in 250ml infusion soft pack
Dextrose 10% Pharmacology
A slightly hypertonic crystalloid solution Composition: - Sugar 10% - Water Actions: - Provides a source of energy - Supplies body water
Dextrose 10% Metabolism
Dextrose: - Broken down in most tissues - Stored in liver and muscle as glycogen Water: - Excreted by the kidneys - Distributed throughout total body water, mainly in extracellular fluid compartment
Dextrose 10% Primary Emergency Indications
- Diabetic hypoglycaemia (BGL < 4) in pts with an altered conscious state who are unable to self- administer oral glucose
Dextrose 10% Contraindications
- Nil
Dextrose 10% Precautions
Nil
Dextrose 10% Route of Admin
IV infusion
Dextrose 10% Side Effects
Nil
Dextrose 10% IV Effects (Special Notes)
Onset: 3 mins
Peak: n/a
Duration: Depends on severity of hypoglycaemic episode
Fentanyl Presentation
100mcg in 2ml
200mcg in 1ml (IN only)
Fentanyl Pharmacology
A synthetic opioid analgesic
CNS Effects:
- Depression- leading to analgesia
- Respiratory depression- leading to apnoea
- Dependance (addiction)
Cardiovascular effects:
- Decreases conduction velocity through the AV node
Fentanyl Metabolism
By the liver; excreted by the kidneys
Fentanyl Primary Emergency Indications
- Sedation to facilitate intubation
- Sedation to maintain intubation
- Analgesia IV/IN
- History of hypersensitivity or allergy to morphine
- Known renal impairment/ failure
- Short duration of action desirable
- Hypotension
- Nausea and/ or vomiting
- Severe headache
Fentanyl Contraindications
- History of hypersensitivity
2. Late second stage of labour
Fentanyl Precautions
- Eldery/ frail pts
- Impaired hepatic function
- Respiratory depression e.g. COPD
- Current asthma
- Pts on monoamine oxidase inhibitors
- Known addiction to opioids
- Rhintis, rhinorrhea or facial trauma (IN route only)
Fentanyl Route of admin
IV, IN, IV infusion
Fentanyl Side Effects
Respiratory depression
Apnoea
Rigidity of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles
Bradycardia
Fentanyl- 100mcg is equivalent to ? Morphine
10mg
Fentanyl IV effects
Onset: immediate
Peak: <5 mins
Duration: 30-60 mins
Fentanyl IN effects
Peak: 2 mins
Glucagon Presentation
1mg (IU) in 1ml hypokit
Glucagon Pharmacology
A hormone normally excreted by the pancreas
Actions:
- Causes an increase in blood glucose concentration by converting stored liver glycogen to glucose
Glucagon Metabolism
Mainly by the liver, also by the kidneys and in the plasma
Glucagon Primary Emergency Indications
- Diabetic hypoglycaemia (BGL < 4) in pts with an altered conscious state who are unable to self administer oral glucose
Glucagon Contraindications
Nil
Glucagon Precautions
Nil
Glucagon Route of admin
IM
Glucagon Side Effects
Nausea and vomiting
Glucagon IM effects
Onset: 5 mins
Peak: n/a
Duration: 25 mins
GTN Presentation
0.6mg tablets
Transdermal GTN patch (50mg 0.4mg/hr)
GTN Pharmacology
A vascular smooth muscle relaxant
Actions:
- Venous dilation promotes venous pooling and reduces venous return to the heart (reduces preload)
- Arterial dilation reduces systemic vascular resistance and arterial pressure (reduces after load)
Effects of above are:
- Reduced myocardial 02 demand
- Reduced systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure, whilst usually maintaining coronary perfusion pressure
- Mild collateral coronary artery dilatation may improve blood supply to ischaemic areas of myocardium
- Mild tachycardia secondary to slight fall in blood pressure
- Preterm labour: Uterine quiescence in pregnancy
GTN Metabolism
By the liver
GTN Primary Emergency Indication
- Chest pain with ACS
- Acute LVF
- Hypertension associated with ACS
- Autonomic dysreflexia
- Preterm Labour (consult only)
GTN Contraindications
- Known hypersensitivity
- Systolic BP <110 tablet
- Systolic BP<90 patch
- Viagra or Levitra administration in the previous 24hr or Cialis administration in the last 4 days
- Heart rate >150
- Heart rate <50 (excl. autonomic dysreflexia)
- VT
- Inferior STEMI with systolic BP <160
- Right ventricular MI
GTN Precautions
- No previous admin
- Elderly pts
- Recent Mi
- Concurrent use with other tocolytics
GTN Route of admin
SL, buccal, transdermal, infusion (interhospital transfers only)
GTN Side Effects
Tachycardia Hypotension Headache Skin Flushing Bradycardia
GTN S/L effects
Onset: 30s-2mins
Peak: 5-10mins
Duration: 15-30mins
GTN Transdermal effect
Onset: up to 30 mins
Peak: 2 hours
Ipratropium Bromide Presentation
250mcg in 1ml
Ipratropium Bromide Pharmacology
Anti cholinergic bronchodilator
Actions:
- Allows bronchodilation by inhibiting cholinergic bronchomotor tone (i.e. blocks vagal reflexes which mediate bronchoconstriction)
Ipratropium Bromide Metabolism
Excreted by the kidneys
Ipratropium Bromide Primary Emergency Indications
- Severe respiratory distress associated with bronchospasm
2. Exacerbation of COPD irrespective of severity
Ipratropium Bromide Contraindications
- Known hypersensitivity to atropine or its derivatives
Ipratropium Bromide Precautions
- Glaucoma
2. Avoid contact with the eyes
Ipratropium Bromide Route of admin
Nebulised (in conjunction with salbutamol)
Ipratropium Bromide Side Effects (HANDSPT)
Headache Acute angle closure glaucoma secondary to direct eye contact (rare) Nausea Dry Mouth Skin Rash Palpitations (rare) Tachycardia (rare)
Ipratropium Bromide Special notes
Onset: 3-5 mins
Peak: 1.5-2 hrs
Duration: 6 hours
Ketamine Prensentation
200mg in 2ml
Ketamine Pharmacology
A rapid acting dissociative anaestethic agent (primarily an NMDA receptor antagonist)
Actions:
- Produces a dissociative state characterised by:
- a trance- like state with eyes open but not responsive
- nystagmus
- profound analgesia
- normal pharyngeal and laryngeal reflexes
- normal or slightly enhanced skeletal muscle tone
- occasionally a transient and minimal respiratory depression
Ketamine Metabolism
By the liver and excreted by kidneys
Ketamine Primary Emergency Indications
- Rapid sequence intubation
- Extreme traumatic pain refractory to opioid analgesia
- Extreme agitation
Ketamine Contraindications
- Known hypersensitivity
2. Severe hypertension (SBP>180)
Ketamine Precautions
- Any condition where significant elevation of BP would be hazardous eg. - Hypertension, CVA, Recent AMI, CCg
- If being administered for analgesia, inject slowly over 1min to minimise risk of respiratory depression and hypertension
Ketamine Route of admin
IV, IO, IM
Ketamine Side Effects
Cardiovascular: Increase in HR and BP CNS: Respiratory depression and apnoea Emergence reactions (nightmares, restlessness, vivid dreams, confusion, hallucinations, irrational behaviour) Enhanced skeletal tone Nausea and vomiting Other: Diplopia and nystagmus with slight increase in intraocular pressure Other: Local pain at injection site Lacrimation Salivation
Ketamine IV Effects
Onset: 30s
Peak: n/a
Duration: 10mins
Ketamine IM Effects
Onset: 3-4mins
Peak: n/a
Duration: 12-25mins
Methoxyflurane Presentation
3ml glass bottle
Methoxyflurane Pharmacology
Inhalational analgesic agent at low concentrations
Methoxyflurane Metabolism
Excreted mainly by the lungs
By the Liver
Methoxyflurane Primary Emergency Indications
- Pain Relief
Methoxyflurane Contraindications
- Pre existing renal disease/ renal impairment
- Concurrent use of tetracycline antibiotics
- Exceeding total dose of 6ml in 24hr period
- Personal or family history of malignant hyperthermia
- Muscular dystrophy
Methoxyflurane Precautions
- Penthorx inhaler must be hand held
- Pre eclampsia
- Concurrent use with oxytocin may cause hypotension
Methoxyflurane Route of admin
Self administration under supervision
Methoxyflurane Side Effects
Drowsiness
Decrease in blood pressure and bradycardia
Exceeding max dose of 6ml in 24hr period may lead to renal toxicity
Methoxyflurane Analgesia effects
Commences after:
8-10 breaths
Lasts for:
approx. 3-5mins
Midazolam Presentation
5mg in 1ml
15mg in 3ml
Midazolam Pharmacology
Short acting CNS depressant Actions: - Anxiolytic - Sedative - Anti convulsant
Midazolam Metabolism
In the liver; excreted by the kidneys
Midazolam Primary Emergency Indications
- Status epilepticus
- Sedation to enable intubation (RSI/IFS)
- Post intubation sedation
- Sedation to enable synchronized cardioversion
- Sedation in the agitated pt
- Sedation in psychostimulant OD
Midazolam Contraindications
- Known hypersensitivity to benzodiazepines
Midazolam Precautions
- Reduced doses may be required for elderly/ frail, pts with chronic renal failure, CCF or shock
- The CNS effects are enhanced in the presence of narcotics and other tranquillisers incl. alcohol
- Can cause severe respiratory depression in pts with COPD
- Pts with myasthenia gravis
Midazolam Route of admin
IM, IV, IV infusion
Midazolam Side Effects
Depressed level of consciousness
Respiratory depression
Loss of airway control
Hypotension
Midazolam IM Effects
Onset: 3-5mins
Peak: 15mins
Duration: 30mins
Midazolam IV Effects
Onset: 1-3mins
Peak: 10mins
Duration: 20mins
Morphine Presentation
10mg in 1ml
Morphine Pharmacology
An opioid analgesic Actions: CNS effects: - Depression (leading to analgesia) - Respiratory depression - Depression of cough reflex - Stimulation (changes of mood, euphoria or dysphoria, vomiting, pin- point pupils) - Dependance (addiction) Cardiovascular effects: - Vasodilation - Decreases conduction velocity through the AV node
Morphine Metabolism
By the liver; excreted by the kidneys
Morphine Primary Emergency Indications
- Pain relief
- Acute LVF with shortness of breath and full field crackles
- Sedation to maintain intubation
- Sedation to enable intubation
- RSI
Morphine Contraindications
- History of hypersensitivity
- Renal impairment/ failure
- Late second stage labour
Morphine Precautions
- Elderly/ frail pts
- Hypotension
- Respiratory depression
- Current asthma
- Respiratory tract burns
- Known addiction to opioids
- Acute alcoholism
- Pts on monoamine oxidase inhibitors
Morphine Route of admin
IV, IM, IV infusion
Morphine Side Effects
CNS effects: - Drowsiness - Respiratory depression - Euphoria - Nausea, vomiting - Addiction - Pin- point pupils Cardiovascular effects: - Hypotension - Bradycardia
Morphine IV effects
Onset: 2-5mins
Peak: 10mins
Duration: 1-2 hrs
Morphine IM effects
Onset: 10-30mins
Peak: 30-60mins
Duration:1-2hrs
Naloxone Presentation
0.4mg in 1ml
Naloxone Pharmacology
An opioid antagonist
Actions:
- Prevents or reverses the effects of opioids
Naloxone Metabolism
By the liver
Naloxone Primary Emergency Indications
- Altered conscious state and respiratory depression secondary to administration of opioids or related drugs
Naloxone Contraindications
- Nil
Naloxone Precautions
- If pt is known to by physically dependant on opioids be prepared for a combative pt after administration
- Neonates
Naloxone Route of admin
IM, IV
Naloxone Side Effects
Symptoms of opioid withdrawal:
- Sweating, goose flesh, tremor
- Nausea and vomiting
- Agitation
- Dilation of pupils, excessive lacrimation
- Convulsions
Naloxone IV Effects
Onset: 1-3mins
Peak: n/a
Duration: 30-45mins
Naloxone IM Effects
Onset: 1-3mins
Peak: n/a
Duration: 30-45mins
Ondansetron Presentation
4mg orally dissolving tablet
Ondansetron Pharmacology
Anti- emetic
Action:
- 5HT3 antagonist which blocks receptors both centrally and peripherally
Ondansetron Metabolism
By the liver
Ondansetron Primary Emergency Indications
- Undifferentiated nausea and vomiting
- Prophylaxis for spinally immobilised or eye injured pts
- Vestibular nausea in pts <21 years of age
Ondansetron Contraindications
- Known hypersensitivity
- Concurrent apomorphine use
- Known long Q-T syndrome
- Hypokalaemia or hypomagneseamia
Ondansetron Precautions
- Pts with liver disease should not receive more than 8mg per day
- Care should be taken with pts on diuretics who may have an underlying electrolyte imbalance
- Ondansetron contains aspartame and should not be given to pts with phenylketouria
- Concurrent use of tramadol
- Pregnancy
Ondansetron Route of admin
Oral
Ondansetron Side Effects
Rare: - Hypersensitivity reactions - QT prolongation - Widened QRS complex - Tachyarrythmias (incl. AF & SVT) - Seizures - Extrapyramidal Reactions - Visual disturbances (incl. transient loss of vision) Common: - Constipation - Headache - Fever - Dizziness - Rise in liver enzymes
Ondansetron times
Onset: 2mins
Peak: 20mins
Duration: 120 mins
Paracetamol Presentation
500mg tablets
120mg in 5ml oral liquid
Paracetamol Pharmacology
An analgesic and anti- pyretic agent
Actions:
- Exact mechanism of action unclear; thought to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis in the CNS
Paracetamol Metabolism
By the liver; excreted by the kidneys
Paracetamol Primary Emergency Indication
- Mild pain
2. Headache
Paracetamol Contraindications
- Hypersensitivity to paracetamol
- Children < 1 month old
- Paracetamol already administered in past 4 hours
- Total paracetamol intake within past 24 hrs exceeding 4g adults, 60mg/kg for children
- Chest pain in suspected acute coronary syndrome
Paracetamol Precautions
- Impaired hepatic function or liver disease
- Elderly/ frail
- Malnourished
Paracetamol Route of admin
Oral
Paracetamol Side Effects
- Hypersensitivity reactions incl. severe skin rashes (rare)
- Haematological reactions (rare)
Paracetamol Onset times
Onset: 30mins
Peak: n/a
Duration: 4 hrs
Prochlorperazine Presentation
12.5mg in 1ml
Prochlorperazine Pharmacology
Anti- emetic
Actions:
- Acts on several central neurotransmitter systems
Prochlorperazine Metabolism
By the liver; excreted by the kidneys
Prochlorperazine Primary Emergency Indications
- Treatment or prophylaxis of nausea/ vomiting for:
- Motion sickness
- Planned aeromedical evacuation
- Known allergy or c/i to ondansetron
- Headache irrespective or nausea/ vomiting
- Vertigo
Prochlorperazine Contraindications
- Circulatory collapse (cool, pale, clammy skin, tachycardia, hypotension)
- CNS depression
- Previous hypersensitivity
- Children
- Pregnancy
Prochlorperazine Precautions
- Hypotension
- Epilepsy
- Pts affected by alcohol or on anti depressants
Prochlorperazine Route of admin
IM
Prochlorperazine Side Effects
Drowsiness Blurred vision Hypotension Sinus tachycardia Skin rash Extrapyramidal reactions (usually the dystonic type)
Prochlorperazine IM Effects
Onset: 20mins
Peak: 40mins
Duration: 6hrs
Salbutamol Presentation
5mg in 2.5ml
Prochlorperazine Pharmacology
A synthetic beta adrenergic stimulant with primarily beta 2 effects
Action:
- Causes bronchodilation