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Opthalmology > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Ocular barriers to drugs

A

Tear film (dilutes)
Cornea (hydrophobic epithelium/hydrophilic stroma)
Blood eye barrier

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2
Q

Topical drugs

A

Ocular surface to posterior lens capsule

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3
Q

Systemic medication

A

Lids, orbit, posterior segment, perforated globe

Cannot use for cornea (no blood vessels)

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4
Q

Requirements for topical drugs

A

Lipiphilic, hydrophilic, small

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5
Q

What happens in regards to topical meds if the epithelium is removed?

A

Typically better drug penetration

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6
Q

How much of a topically administered drug will enter the anterior chamber?

A

1-10%

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7
Q

Proparicaine HCL 0.5%

A

Topical anesthetic
Cannot be used as therapy
Delays healing, up regulates pain receptors, causes ulceration

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8
Q

Tropicamide 1%

A

Short acting Mydriatic for exams

No pain relief

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9
Q

Atropine 1%

A 
Long acting 
Pain relief
Prevents posterior synechia
Stabilizes blood-aqueous humor
Prevents drooling
Can exacerbate low tear production
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10
Q

Chloramphenicol 0.5% sol or 1% ointment

A

Topical antibiotic
Cat conjunctivitis (chlamydophila/mycoplasma)
Septic keratitis/conjunctivitis with cocci

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11
Q

Tetracyclines (doxy, Terramycin, azithromycin)

A

Cat conjunctivitis

Topical antibiotic

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12
Q

Cefazolin 5.5%

A

Topical antibiotic

Gram positive organisms

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13
Q

Amino glycosides

A

Topical antibiotic
NPB, gentamicin, tobramycin
Good for rods

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14
Q

Fluoroquinolones

A 
Topical antibiotics (big guns) 
Prevents DNA from unwinding
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15
Q

Fluoroquinolones 1st gen

A

Primarily gram neg rods

Nalidixic acid relatives

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16
Q

Fluoroquinolones 2nd generation

A

Ciprofloxacin ofloxacin, levofloxacin
Gram neg, gram pos
Septic keratitis with rods, cat conjunctivitis
Nt a 1st choice drug

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17
Q

3rd generation fluoroqinolnes

A

Some gram neg, improved gram pos

18
Q

4th generation fluoroquinolones

A

Gram neg, good gram pos
Moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin
Less likely to develop resistance

19
Q

Autologous plasma/serum

A

Use for melting corneal ulcers
Lasts 2-3 days
I drop topically q1-4h

20
Q

Oxytetracycline topical, oral doxy, acetylcysteine +EDTA

A

Melting ulcer (anti protease)

21
Q

Topical anti fungal

A 
Used almost exclusively for equine corneal fungal infections 
Natamycin 5%
Itraconazole
Miconazole (can be irritating topically)
Voriconazole 
Fluconazole
22
Q

Antivirals (topical)

A

Trifluridine
Idoxuridine

Cidofovir

23
Q

Systemic antivirals

A

L-lysine

Famcyclovir- can be toxic, follow with cbc and chem panels

24
Q

Neo/poly/dex

A

A corticosteroid plus antiinflammatories

Cheaper than dex alone

25
Q

Prednisolone acetate

A

Corticosteroid (topical) may have better penetration than npdex

26
Q

Systemic steroids

A

Necessary for posterior disease

Must rule out infectious causes

27
Q

Side effects of topical steroids

A 
Delay corneal wound healing
  DO NOT USE if ulcerated cornea 
Reactivation of herpes keratitis
Lipid deposits in cornea 
Iatrogenic cushings
28
Q

NSAIDs

A 
Flurbiprofen sodium, diclofenac 
Traumatic inflammation
Surface analgesic 
Usu q8-12 hours
Use instead of steroids if lipid keratopathy present 
Caution in hyphema
29
Q

Glaucoma meds

A

Goal to keep IOP in safe range

Target aqueous production or aqueous outflow

30
Q

Mannitol

A

Hyperosmotic diuretic
Pre op lens luxation
Big drop in IOP (short lived)
Additive to other glaucoma drugs

31
Q

Latanoprost

A 
Lowers IOP
PGF derivative (unoprostone, travoprost, bimatoprost)
Not used in cats, doesn't work 
Intense miotic in dog and cat
Additive to all other glaucoma meds
32
Q

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (methanol aimed, dorsal aimed, timolol, brinzolamide)

A 
Glaucoma meds
Decrease aqueous humor production 
Topicals have a lower toxicity
    Systemic causes metabolic acidosis
Safe for all types of glaucoma
33
Q

Cholinergics

A 
Glaucoma meds (3rd choice) 
Doesn't work well
Contracts ciliary muscle
Painful
Additive to every class glaucoma meds
34
Q

Beta adrenergic blockers

A

3rd choice in secondary glaucomas or as prophylactic
Decreases aqueous production
May increase outflow in dogs and cats
Additives to other classes except beta agonists

35
Q

KCS treatments

A

Cyclosporine a

Tacrolimus

36
Q

Artificial tears mucin deficiency

A

Cyclosporine
Polyvinyloyrroldine
Methylcelluloses

37
Q

Artificial tears lipid deficiency- blepharitis

A

Oil based
Refresh, endure, soothe
Sodium hyaluronate
Warm compresses x5 min

38
Q

Feline conjunctivitis treatment

A

Topical antibiotics-

Tetracyclines, etprythromycin, cipro, chloramphenicol

39
Q

Treatment for corneal erosions

A

Topical antibiotics

Neo-poly-bac routinely used

40
Q

Treatment for infected corneal ulcers

A 
Topical antibiotics- aminogoycosides- gentamicin, tobramycin
Or 
Fluoroquinolones- cipro, ofloxacin, etc
    Combo with cefazolin 
Systemic AB won't help

Opthalmology (1 decks)

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