Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neurology > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

describe the ion distribution and ion flow in a typical neuron

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What effect would would a Na+ antagonist have?

A

Any drug that is an agonist of a Na channel -> opens channel, causes Na flow in cell, causes excitation

A Na channel antagonist -> closes channel, stops Na ion flow, favours inhibition…..e.g. local anaesthetics like lidocaine

Any drug that is an agonist of a K channel -> opens K channel, cause K flow out of cell, makes cell more negative and is therefore inhibitory

A K channel antagonist -> closes K channel, retains K in the cell, favours positive rmp and is therefore excitatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

describe the maujor events taking place at the synapse during neurotransmission

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

explain how neutransmitters are deactivated

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the two types of receptors in neurotransmission?

A

ionotropic and metabtropic

ionotropic receptors have a direct mode of action (eg. acetycholine binds to nicotinic Ach receptors)

metabotropic receptors have an indirect mode of action (eg muscarinic receptors coupled to ion channes via G protein system)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the major exitory neurotransmitter?

but….How may it have an inhibtory effect?

A

Glutamate

may have inhibitory effect if it activates a metabotropic receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

classify the ionotropic glutamate receptors

A

Non-NMDA receptors- bind to Kainate and AMPA

transport Na+ and K+

NMDA receptors- Allow passage of Na+ K+ and Ca2+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

………… receptors mediate fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the CNS whereas ………… contributes a slow component to the excitatory synaptic potential

A

Non-NMDA ionotropic receptors (AMPA and kainate)

NMDA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

……. is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS. It acts on 2 types of receptors

  • Ionotropic …….. receptor that operates a Cl- channel
  • …….. is a metabotropic receptor, often activates a potassium channel
A

GABA

GABAa

GABAb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

which drugs act on GABA receptors?

A

Benzodiazepines: positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor so enhance Cl entry, decrease rmp, and enhance inhibition in presence of GABA

Barbiturates: similar to benzodiazepines and potentiates the effect of GABA at the GABAA receptor

Baclofen: agonist of the GABAB receptor so enhances the K current (and increases inhibition)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

which drugs operate on NMDA channels?

A

Certain anaesthetic agents e.g ketamine and psychomimetric agents e.g. phencyclidine are selective blockers of NMDA-operated channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Glycine is also an inhibitory neurotransmitter acting on a glycine ionotropic receptor that gates a…….. channel. It is released by ……. to inhibit antagonist muscles motoneurones

A

Cl- channel

interneurones in spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

is it ionotropic or metabotropic receptros that are responsible for fast epsp?

A

ionotropic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

give a definition for Graded Potential

A

a change in the rmp caused by an EPSP or IPSP, such a change is caused by (inhibitory or excitatory) neurotransmitter release and is not of a magnitude large enough to cross threshold and result in an AP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what’s a projection neuron?

A

a neuron responsible for conveying signals to other parts of the brain, typically releases Glutamate and so brings about an EPSP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Neurotransmitter is released in discrete packages called ……..

A

quanta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the labeled line principle?

A

Structually similar nerves can transmit different information depending upon where they terminate in the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

describe the 3 different types of sensory adaption

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

describe the 4 classifications of neurones regarding conduction velocity

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

name the different types of cutaneous receptors

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how quickly do the different receptors adapt and what are their specific functions?

A
22
Q

which has the bigger receptive field meissner’s corpuscles and merkel’s discs or pacinian corpuscles and ruffini endings?

A

Pacinian corpuscles and ruffini endings rf is much larger

23
Q

where do pain and touch fibres and proprioceptors terminate in the spinal cord?

A
24
Q

Provide an outline of the trigeminal system

A
25
Q

describe the capabilities of the DCML system

A

stereognenesis (ability to recognise an object by feeling it)

proprioception (awareness of body position and movements)

fine touch

vibration detection

26
Q

desrcibe the modalities in the spinothalamic tract

A

thermosensation, pain, crude touch, itch, tickle

27
Q
A
28
Q

describe the subdivisions of the primary somatosensory cortex

A

3A- Body position

3B- Touch (texture, shape, stimulus size)

1- Texture discrimination

2- Object perception (size, shape of object – stereognosis)

29
Q

describe the cortical representation of the body surface in the homunculus

A
30
Q

what are the 3 sources of input to an alpha motor neuron?

A

central terminals of dorsal root ganglion cells whose axons innervate the muscle spindles

upper motor neurones (UMNs) in the motor cortex and brain stem

spinal interneurones

31
Q

describe the skeletal muscle fibre types

A
  • Slow-oxidative (Type I) Fibres:
  • ATP derived from oxidative phosphorylation. Slow contraction and relaxation. Fatigue resistant.
  • Red fibres “dark meat” because of high myoglobin content.
  • Fast (Type II) Fibres:- at least two further categories
  • Type IIa. ATP derived from oxidative phosphorylation. Fast contraction and relaxation. Fatigue resistant. Red and reasonably well vascularised.
  • Type IIx. ATP derived from glycolysis. Fast contraction but not fatigue resistant, pale in colour and poorly vascularised. “white meat”
32
Q

describe the three types of motorunit and how the different muscle fibres match to different nerve thickness and thresholds

A
33
Q

what’s the Henneman size principal?

A

the susceptibilty of a motorneurone to discharge an action potential is a function of it’s size.

Meaning slow motor units are recruited first and as frequency of action potentials increases ty[e IIa and IIx fibres are recruited

34
Q

what does a muscle spindle consist of?

A

Spindles consist of:

a fibrous capsule

intrafusal muscle fibres (note extrafusal fibres generate muscle force)

sensory afferents (Ia class, myelinated and very fast conducting) that innervate the intrafusal fibres

gamma motor neurone efferents that innervate the intrafusal fibres (see later)

35
Q

describe the stages of the myotatic reflex arc

A
36
Q

which spinal level is being assessed at the:

Supinator

Biceps

Triceps

Quadriceps

Gastrocnemius

A
37
Q

when a skeletal muscle is pulled, it pulls back.

This is caleed the ………. reflex

A

the myotatic reflex

38
Q

describe the intrafusal fibres and the efferent/ afferent innervation of each type of fibre

A

intrafusal fibres consist of nuclear bag fibres and nuclear chain fibres

nuclear bag fibres can be brocken down in to bag 1 (dynamic) fibres and bag 2 (static fibres

Dynamic nuclear bag fibres are innervated by dynamic gamma motor neurons and type Ia afferents

Static nuclear bag fibres and nuclear chain fibres are innervated by static gamma motor neurons and type Ia & type II afferents

39
Q

Describe the location, function and innervation of golgi tendon organs

A

located in between mucle fibre and tendon,

there function is to regualte muscle tension both generally and for protection

innervated by type Ib afferents

40
Q

describe the polysynaptic pathway of the inverse myotatic pathway

A
41
Q

name the four type of sensory endings that make up joint receptors and describe their functions

A

There are four types of sensory endings that make up joint receptors; free nerve endings, golgi type endings, ruffini endings, and paciniform endings

  • free nerve endings, found in capsule and connective tissue – most numerous – HT – SA – nociceptive function
  • Golgi-type endings, found only in ligaments – HT – SA – protective role?
  • Paciniform endings, found in periosteum near the articular attachments and the fibrous part of the joint capsule – LT – SA – acceleration detectors
  • Ruffini endings, found mainly in joint capsule – LT – SA - static position and speed of movements
42
Q

describe reciprocal inhibition using the myotatic reflex as an example

A
43
Q

describe reciprocal inhibition in the context of a movement initiated by the motor cortex

A
44
Q

describe the flexor reflex and the crossed extensor relfex

A
45
Q

nociceptoras are first order neurones that relay information to second order neurones. Where are the cell bodies of nociceptors located?

A

Cell bodies are located in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and trigeminal ganglia (TG)

46
Q

what type of fibres comprise nociceptors? Describe the difference in morphology and how this relates to function

A
47
Q

Primary afferents terminate in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord in various laminae

Most nociceptive C- and Aδ-fibres termination superficially in …..

……. cells synapse only with C- and Aδ-fibres

……… neurones receive input from all three types of fibre and thus respond to a wide range of stimuli

Cells that receive input from only Aβ-fibres are ……..

A

laminae I and II

Nociceptive specific (NS)

Wide dynamic range (WDR)

proprioceptive

48
Q

explain reffered pain

A

Some visceral and skin afferents afferents converge upon the same spinothalamic neurones.

49
Q

Second order neurones ascend the spinal cord in the ….. system comprising mainly

the……… & the ……….

A

anterolateral

The spinothalamic tract (STT)

The spinoreticular tract (SRT)

50
Q

the srt transmits mostly ….. fibres

and is involved in …… response to pain

A
  • Largely transmits slow C-fibre pain
  • Involved in autonomic responses to pain, arousal, emotional responses, fear of pain
51
Q

explain gate control theory

A

stimulation of non nociceptive neurones inhibits firing of projection neurones. Controls from cns and stimulation of non nociceptive neurones reduce transmission via projection neurones

Neurology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions