Pharmacology

Question 1

What is parenteral?

Answer 1

Where the drugs are absorbed by means other than the digestive tract

Question 2

What are the types of enteral administration?

Answer 2

Buccal
Sublingual
Rectal
Orally

Question 3

Why do we prefer oral medication?

Answer 3

Convenient
Generally safer
Non invasive
Cheap

Question 4

What are the parenteral routs of administration?

Answer 4

Sub cut
IM
IV

Question 5

Why do we usually give adrenaline IM instead of IV?

Answer 5

Adrenaline given IV can produce lethal dysrhythmias. IM is safer and slower, so less adverse effects

Question 6

What are inhalers?

Answer 6

Deliver drug in an atomised form, which is inhaled.

Question 7

What is nebulising?

Answer 7

Turns drug into atomised form. Has quicker effect as quicker to reach target sites.

Question 8

What is indication?

Answer 8

What we use the drug for. A reason to administer the drug

Question 9

What is the therapeutic window?

Answer 9

The level of drug in the body that will produce a safe and effective dose. Too little and not enough effect. Too much and its toxic

Question 10

What do we need to consider when we’re trying to make sure we’re in the therapeutic window?

Answer 10

Knowing the duration of effect

Knowing the time to reach peak effect

Question 11

What are pharmacokinetics?

Answer 11

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Elimination

Question 12

What is absorption?

Answer 12

The process where unchanged drug moves from the site of administration into the blood.
It is the first major barrier to how much of the drug enters the systemic circulation

Question 13

What is distribution?

Answer 13

Once the drug is in the systemic circulation it can be distributed to various sites within the body.
How much goes from the blood into the organs depends on the characteristic of the drugs, the physiological conditions of the tissue and the amount of drug bound to plasma proteins.

Question 14

What is metabolism?

Answer 14

The irreversible transformation of drug into metabolites. It is the chemical transformation of a drug that mainly occurs by enzymes in the liver. Sometimes by products can be toxic. Usually metabolism makes the drug more water soluble so that it can be easily excreted.

Question 15

What is elimination?

Answer 15

The irreversible loss of the drug from the body. Or the products.
Urine, faces, sweat, breath, saliva, breast milk.

Question 16

What are pharmacodynamics?

Answer 16

What the drug does to the body. The effects and response.

Question 17

What are receptors?

Answer 17

A cell molecule that recognises and binds with specific molecules producing an effect.

Question 18

What are antihypertensives?

Answer 18

Used to manage high bp
ACE inhibitors
beta blockers
Calcium channel blockers

Question 19

What are diuretics?

Answer 19

Frusimide

Treat high bp and excess oedema

Question 20

What are benzodiazepines?

Answer 20

Central nervous system depressants
Used for
sedation (also to treat or prevent seizures
anxiety
muscle relaxants
hypnosis
insomnia

Question 21

What can happen if cyclic antidepressants are taken in high doses?

Answer 21

They can produce fatal dysrhythmias, coma and seizures

Question 22

What do we check in a drug check?

Answer 22

Right medication
Right dose
Right time
Right route
Right patient
Colour
Clarity
Concentration
Expiry date

Question 23

What is enteral?

Answer 23

Where the drugs are absorbed through the digestive tract