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Pharmacology Flashcards

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1
Q

Methylphenidate

A

Ritalin, Concerta

Stimulant; transporter blocker; blocks reuptake of DA and NE

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2
Q

dexmethylphenidate

A

Focalin

Stimulant; transporter blocker; blocks reuptake of DA and NE

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3
Q

dextroamphetamine

A

Dexedrine

Stimulant; Transporter reverser; reverses DA, NE transporters

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4
Q

lisdexamfetamine

A

Vyvanse

Prodrug of dextroamphetamine

Stimulant; Transporter reverser; reverses DA, NE transporters

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5
Q

mixed amphetamine salts

A

Adderall

Stimulant; Transporter reverser; reverses DA, NE transporters

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6
Q

atomoxetine

A

Non-Stimulant ADHD medication

blocks reuptake of NE only, not as effective as stimulants. Can block growth.

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7
Q

Carbamazepine

A

Anticonvulsant

Blocks Na+ channels; prevents action potentials.

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8
Q

Phenytoin

A

Anticonvulsant

Blocks Na+ channels; prevents action potentials.

Can become very toxic. Variable elimination and dosing between patients.

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9
Q

topiramate

A

Anticonvulsant

Blocks Na+ channels; prevents action potentials.

Also acts at GABAa receptors (Cl- Channels)

Can also be used for migraine prophylaxis

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10
Q

lamotrigine

A

Anticonvulsant

Blocks Na+ channels; prevents action potentials.

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11
Q

zonisamide

A

Anticonvulsant

Blocks Na+ channels; prevents action potentials.

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12
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

Anticonvulsant

Increases inhibition by acting at GABAa receptors between alpha and gamma subunits

Increases frequency of Cl- channel opening

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13
Q

Barbiturates

A

Anticonvulsant

Increases inhibition by acting at GABAa receptors at Beta subunit

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14
Q

Gabapentin

A

Anticonvulsant

GABA breakdown

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15
Q

Tiagabine

A

Anticonvulsant

Blocks GABA reuptake through Gat-1 transporter

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16
Q

Valproate

A

Anticonvulsant

Blocks Na+ channels; prevents action potentials.

Prevents GABA breakdown

Blocks T-Type Ca2+ channels

Can also be used for Migraine prophylaxis

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17
Q

Ethosuximide

A

Blocks T-Type Ca2+ channels

Used for Absence seizures

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18
Q

Y-hydroxybutyrate

A

GHB, illegal sedative

depresses CNS, interferes with memory

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19
Q

Rohypnol

A

Roofie, illegal sedative

Benzo

depresses CNS, interferes with memory

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20
Q

Nitrites

A

Poppers, Inhalant

vasodilates; used as a sexual enhancer

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21
Q

Phencyclidine

A

Psychedelic, alters sensorium

PCP; NMDA receptor antagonist

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22
Q

Ketamine

A

Psychedelic, alters sensorium

NMDA receptor antagonist

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23
Q

Dextromethorphan

A

Psychedelic, alters sensorium

NMDA receptor antagonist

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24
Q

Lysergic acid diethylamide

A

Psychedelic, alters sensorium

LSD, agonist @ 5-HT2 and 5-HT1a receptors

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25
Q

MDMA

A

Psychedelic and Psychostimulant, alters sensorium

Ecstasy, increases release of 5-HT via transporter reversal

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26
Q

delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol

A

THC, binds to cannabinoid receptors.

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27
Q

Heroin

A

illegal opioid.

produces euphoria and sedation

activates mu opioid receptors

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28
Q

Morphine

A

produces euphoria and sedation

activates mu opioid receptors

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29
Q

Oxycodone

A

produces euphoria and sedation

activates mu opioid receptors

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30
Q

Cocaine

A

Psychostimulant

blocks reuptake of DA, NE, 5-HT

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31
Q

Methamphetamine

A

Psychostimulant

increases release of DA, NE, 5-HT via transporter reversal

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32
Q

Opioid Withdrawal

A

Nausea, vomiting, sweating, tachycardia, hypertension

Won’t actually die

Treat with Clonidine - alpha-2 receptor agonist
Treat with Methadone - long acting mu opioid receptor agonist (given in a clinic)
Treat with Buprenorphine - partial mu opioid receptor agonist (given at home) (comes as Subutex or mixed with naloxone (opioid antagonist) to prevent shooting up.

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33
Q

Naloxone

A

Opioid antagonist,

used for acute overdose

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34
Q

Alcohol withdrawal

A

Nausea, vomiting, sweating, tachycardia, seizures
can actually die.

Tx with benzos (short acting like oxazepam are best - oxazepam doesn’t need to be cleared by liver)

long term management:

Disulfuram - blocks aldehyde dehydrogenase which causes a buildup of acetaldehyde which makes you feel crappy if you drink

Acamprosate - GABA analog

Naltrexone - long acting mu opioid receptor antagonist

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35
Q

Varenicline

A

Chantix

partial agonist to nAChRs with greater affinity than nicotine
more effective than buproprion
can cause or exacerbate psychiatric problems

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36
Q

Sedative

A

Reduces anxiety

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37
Q

Hypnotic

A

Makes you sleepy

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38
Q

GABAa receptor agonist

A

Binds to GABAa receptor (specific for Cl-), increases Cl- concentration and influx which hyper polarizes the neuron

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39
Q

Benzos

A

Binds to GABAa receptor between alpha and gamma subunits

Increases frequency of Cl- channel opening

low dose = sedative
high dose = hypnotic

Also can shorten sleep latency

safer than the older barbiturates

Can block with Flumazenil

Short acting (half-life < 6 hrs)
triazolam
Intermediate acting (half-life 6-24hrs)
alprazolam, oxazepam, lorazepam (ativan)
Long acting (half-life >24 hrs)
chlordiazepoxide, desmethyldiazepam, flurazepam, diazepam
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40
Q

Chlordiazepoxide

A

Benzo (binds between alpha and gamma subunits of GABAa receptors)

Enhances effects of GABA binding without being an agonist

Increases frequency of Cl- channel opening

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41
Q

Diazepam

A

Valium

Benzo (binds between alpha and gamma subunits of GABAa receptors)

Enhances effects of GABA binding without being an agonist

Increases frequency of Cl- channel opening

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42
Q

Desmethyldiazepam

A

Benzo (binds between alpha and gamma subunits of GABAa receptors)

Enhances effects of GABA binding without being an agonist

Increases frequency of Cl- channel opening

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43
Q

flurazepam

A

Benzo (binds between alpha and gamma subunits of GABAa receptors)

Enhances effects of GABA binding without being an agonist

Increases frequency of Cl- channel opening

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44
Q

triazolam

A

Benzo (binds between alpha and gamma subunits of GABAa receptors)

Enhances effects of GABA binding without being an agonist

Increases frequency of Cl- channel opening

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45
Q

alprazolam

A

Xanax

Benzo (binds between alpha and gamma subunits of GABAa receptors)

Enhances effects of GABA binding without being an agonist

Increases frequency of Cl- channel opening

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46
Q

Thiopental

A

Barbiturate

Binds to beta subunit of GABAa receptor and increases duration of Cl- channel opening

High doses act as agonist

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47
Q

Secobarbital

A

Barbiturate

Binds to beta subunit of GABAa receptor and increases duration of Cl- channel opening

High doses act as agonist

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48
Q

phenobarbital

A

Barbiturate

Binds to beta subunit of GABAa receptor and increases duration of Cl- channel opening

High doses act as agonist

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49
Q

Tolerance and Dependence of Barbs and Benzos

A

Benzos - down regulated binding site

Barbs - increased metabolism

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50
Q

Zolpidem

A

Shortens Sleep Latency

Ambien binds to GABAa alpha-1 subunits

Can get amnesia
rebound insomnia when coming off it

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51
Q

Zaleplon

A

Shortens Sleep Latency

binds to GABAa alpha-1 subunits

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52
Q

Eszopiclone

A

Shortens Sleep Latency

binds to GABAa alpha-1 subunits

53
Q

Buspirone

A

Other Sedative/Hypnotic

Mostly anxiolytic

agonist of 5-HT1a and DA d2 receptors

54
Q

Ramelteon

A

Melatonin receptor agonist

Can’t mix with fluvoxamine (SSRI)

55
Q

Sumatriptan

A

Migraine Tx

activate 5-HT 1D/1B receptors on trigeminal nerve endings and cerebral/meningeal vessels. Also vasoconstricts

56
Q

Ergotamine

A

Migraine Tx

activate 5-HT 1D/1B receptors on trigeminal nerve endings and cerebral/meningeal vessels. Also vasoconstricts

57
Q

Timolol

A

Migraine Prophylaxis, beta blocker

58
Q

propanolol

A

Migraine Prophylaxis, beta blocker

59
Q

Opioid Receptors

A

mu, delta, kappa

g-protein coupled receptors

Opioid binding effects:
analgesia
euphoria
sedation w/out amnesia
respiratory depression
cough supression
miosis
truncal rigidity
60
Q

Morphine

A

Strong opioid mu agonist

61
Q

heroine

A

illegal strong opioid mu agonist

heroine is morphine with 2 acetyl groups added on

62
Q

oxymorphone

A

derivative of morphine

strong opioid mu agonist

63
Q

hydromorphone

A

Dilaudid

derivative of morphine

strong opioid mu agonist

64
Q

methadone

A

strong opioid mu agonist

used to wean people off heroine

65
Q

fentanyl

A

short acting strong opioid mu agonist

66
Q

meperidine

A

Demerol

strong opioid mu agonist

Also has antimuscarinic effects and blocks 5-ht reuptake

67
Q

codeine

A

partial mu agonist

68
Q

oxycodone

A

mild mu agonist

derivative of codeine

69
Q

hydrocodone

A

mild mu agonist

derivative of codeine

70
Q

propoxyphene

A

mild mu agonist

71
Q

Percocet

A

(oxycodone + acetaminophen)

72
Q

Percodan

A

(oxycodone + aspirin)

73
Q

Vicodin/Lortab

A

(hydrocodone + acetaminophen)

74
Q

Vicoprofen

A

(hydrocodone + ibuprofen)

75
Q

naloxone

A

mu opioid receptor antagonist

76
Q

naltrexone

A

mu opioid receptor antagonist

77
Q

Nalbuphine

A

strong kappa agonist

mu antagonist

78
Q

Buprenorphine

A

long acting partial mu agonist

79
Q

Butorphanol

A

kappa agonist

partial mu agonist or antagonist

80
Q

Pentazocine

A

kappa agonist

weak mu antagonist or partial agonist

81
Q

Tramadol

A

Kind of like meperedine (demerol)

weak mu agonist, antimuscarinic, blocks 5-HT reuptake

82
Q

Chlorpromazine

A

Typical antipsychotic

Phenothiazine
strong DA D2 receptor antagonist

83
Q

Fluphenazine

A

Typical antipsychotic

Phenothiazine
strong DA D2 receptor antagonist

84
Q

thioridizine

A

Typical antipsychotic

Phenothiazine
strong DA D2 receptor antagonist

85
Q

Thiothixene

A

Typical antipsychotic

less potent than Phenothiazines
strong DA D2 receptor antagonist

86
Q

Haloperidol

A

Typical antipsychotic

more potent than Phenothiazines w/ less side effects
strong DA D2 receptor antagonist

87
Q

EPS

A

D2 blockers disrupt basal ganglia indirect vs direct pathway dopamine stimulation

leads to parkinsonian symptoms due to removal of inhibition of indirect pathway

Can result in tardive dyskinesia due to unregulated d2 receptors which causes a decrease in indirect pathway stimulation

88
Q

Clozapine

A

Atypical antipsychotic

serotonin-dopamine antagonist

also used as a mood stabilizer

89
Q

olanzapine

A

Atypical antipsychotic

serotonin-dopamine antagonist

also used as a mood stabilizer

90
Q

quetiapine

A

Atypical antipsychotic

serotonin-dopamine antagonist

also used as a mood stabilizer

91
Q

ziprasidone

A

Atypical antipsychotic

serotonin-dopamine antagonist

also used as a mood stabilizer

92
Q

risperidone

A

Atypical antipsychotic

serotonin-dopamine antagonist

also used as a mood stabilizer

93
Q

aripiprazole

A

Abilify

Atypical antipsychotic

serotonin-dopamine antagonist

also used as a mood stabilizer

94
Q

asenapine

A

Atypical antipsychotic

serotonin-dopamine antagonist

also used as a mood stabilizer

95
Q

Lithium

A

Bipolar drug

depletes PIP2 in cell membranes thus inhibiting the recycling of inositol substrates

96
Q

Phenelzine

A

irreversible MAOI

last resort antidepressant

97
Q

Tranylcypromine

A

long acting MAOI

last resort antidepressant

98
Q

Amitripyline

A

Tricyclic antidepressant

breaks down to nortriptyline which can be given by itself

both block NE and 5-HT reuptake

lethal in overdose

99
Q

imipramine

A

Tricyclic antidepressant

blocks NE and 5-HT reuptake (desipramine doesn’t block 5-HT reuptake)

breaks down to desipramine which can be given by itself

lethal in overdose

100
Q

Venlafaxine

A

Effexor

SNRI

101
Q

Desvenlafaxine

A

Pristique

SNRI

102
Q

Duloxetine

A

Cymbalta

SNRI

103
Q

selegeline

A

long acting MAOI

last resort antidepressant

104
Q

St Johns Wort

A

reuptake inhibitor of monoamines, GABA, and glutamate

105
Q

Amoxapine

A

Blocks NE reuptake and muscarinic receptors

Also blocks D2 receptors

106
Q

Maprotiline

A

Blocks NE reuptake and muscarinic receptors

107
Q

Mirtazapine

A

Antagonist @ 5-HT2, Alpha 2, and histaminergic receptors

108
Q

Bupropion

A

blocks DA reuptake

used for smoking cessation

109
Q

Trazodone

A

5-HT2a antagonist

110
Q

Nefazodone

A

5-HT2a antagonist

111
Q

Citalopram

A

SSRI

Celexa

112
Q

escitalopram

A

Lexapro

SSRI

113
Q

Fluoxetine

A

Prozac

SSRI

114
Q

sertraline

A

Zoloft

SSRI

115
Q

Paroxetine

A

Paxil

SSRI

116
Q

Fluvoxamine

A

SSRI

117
Q

Primidone

A

Barbiturate prodrug of Phenobarbital

118
Q

Thiopental

A

Barbiturate IV anesthetic

fast induction due to low solubility

119
Q

Midazolam

A

Versed

Benzo

not for full surgical anesthesia

Flumazenil to reverse benzos

120
Q

Flumazenil

A

blocks benzos

121
Q

Propofol

A

most popular IV anesthetic

Can induce and maintain anesthesia

122
Q

etomidate

A

induction but need to give opioid for analgesia

123
Q

ketamine

A

NMDA receptor antagonist (can cause dissociative effects)

124
Q

Amantadine

A

Prevents release of infectious viral nucleic acid (influenza)

May promote dopamine release from presynaptic fibers or block reuptake of dopamine into presynaptic neurons

125
Q

Benztropine

A

Exerts anticholinergic and antihistaminic effects; may prolong action of dopamine by inhibiting its reuptake and storage

126
Q

modafinil (Provigil)

A

stimulant; unknown MOA

127
Q

Ephedrine

A

Moderate beta-1 & weak alpha effects resulting in alpha- and beta- adrenergic stimulation that increase CO & BP, decrease renal perfusion & variable PVR

128
Q

Pseudoephedrine

A

Alpha-adrenergic agonist of receptors present in respiratory mucosa, causing vasoconstriction; directly stimulates beta-adrenergic receptors and causes bronchial relaxation, as well as increased heart rate and contractility.

129
Q

Phenylpropylamine

A

Phenylpropanolamine acts as a potent and selective releasing agent of norepinephrine and epinephrine, or as a norepinephrine releasing agent (NRA). It also acts as a dopamine releasing agent (DRA) to a lesser extent.

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