Pharmacology 2 Flashcards
Name the two types cholinergic receptors
nicotinic and muscarinic
State the main locations for nicotinic receptors
cells of adrenal medullae (secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline), neuromuscular end plates of skeletal muscles (muscle contraction)
State the main locations for muscarinic receptors
parasympathetic nerves (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands) , sweat glands, skeletal muscle blood vessels
Name the neurotransmitter that is affiliated with cholinergic receptors
Acetylcholine binds with both:
-Nicotinic receptors and Muscarinic receptors
State the section of the ANS that would be affected by medications that either stimulate or inhibit cholinergic receptors
parasympathetic ns
Describe the effect of administering an agonist medication on cholinergic receptors
Very few in clinical use (Pilocarpine)
- Stimulate the parasympathetic response
Describe the effect of administering an antagonist medication on cholinergic receptors
Block the parasympathetic response
Name the four adrenergic receptors
1) ALPHA 1
2) ALPHA 2
3) BETA 1
4) BETA 2
State the main locations for Alpha 1 receptors
α1 - vascular smooth muscle (blood vessels), pupils, heart
State the main locations for Alpha 2 receptors
α2 - smooth muscle, platelets, presynaptic adrenergic & cholinergic nerve terminals
State the main locations for Beta 1 receptors
β1 - heart
State the main locations for Beta 2 receptors
β2 - bronchial smooth muscle, heart, uterus
Name the two hormones that activate adrenergic receptors
adrenaline & noradrenaline
State the section of the ANS that would be affected by medications that either stimulate or inhibit adrenergic receptors
sympathetic nervous system
Describe the effect of administering an agonist medication on adrenergic receptors
mimic sympathetic stimulation therefore produce the same effects of sympathetic stimulation
Give an example of a medication in this category (adrenoceptor agonist / sympathomimetic)
State the specific effects these drugs would have on the receptors (e.g. increased BP)
Adrenaline- (α and β receptors)
- Increased cardiac contractility
- Increased heart rate
- Increased blood pressure
- bronchodilation
Noradrenaline (α receptors)
- Increased blood pressure
· Describe the effect of administering an antagonist medication on adrenergic receptors
- binds to receptors & blocks them, this prevents the hormone (or neurotransmitter) from exerting an effect
- These drugs are also known as sympatholytic drugs
o Give an example of a category of medication in this category (adrenoceptor antagonist / sympatholytic)
o State the specific effects these drugs would have on the receptors (e.g. decreased BP)
- E.g. betablockers
- β1 receptors are located in the heart so the administration of a betablocker will result in ↓ heart rate, ↓ myocardial contractility (force of contraction), ↓ BP, ↓ speed of impulse through the AV node (↓ risk of arrhythmias)
- BUT – these drugs can also cause bronchoconstriction as they may have an effect on the β2 receptors in the smooth muscle of the airways
explain a chemical synapse
action potentials (nerve impulses) cause the release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neuron
- These cross the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron (or at the neuromuscular junction)
- If the neurotransmitter binds to receptors it stimulates a response
- If the neurotransmitter doesn’t bind to the receptors (because it is inhibited / blocked) then the response does not occur
- A hormone can also stimulate or inhibit a response by binding to or inhibiting receptors
