Pharmacology 2

Question 1

Name the two types cholinergic receptors

Answer 1

nicotinic and muscarinic

Question 2

State the main locations for nicotinic receptors

Answer 2

cells of adrenal medullae (secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline), neuromuscular end plates of skeletal muscles (muscle contraction)

Question 3

State the main locations for muscarinic receptors

Answer 3

parasympathetic nerves (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands) , sweat glands, skeletal muscle blood vessels

Question 4

Name the neurotransmitter that is affiliated with cholinergic receptors

Answer 4

Acetylcholine binds with both:

-Nicotinic receptors and Muscarinic receptors

Question 5

State the section of the ANS that would be affected by medications that either stimulate or inhibit cholinergic receptors

Answer 5

parasympathetic ns

Question 6

Describe the effect of administering an agonist medication on cholinergic receptors

Answer 6

Very few in clinical use (Pilocarpine)

• Stimulate the parasympathetic response

Question 7

Describe the effect of administering an antagonist medication on cholinergic receptors

Answer 7

Block the parasympathetic response

Question 8

Name the four adrenergic receptors

Answer 8

1) ALPHA 1
2) ALPHA 2
3) BETA 1
4) BETA 2

Question 9

State the main locations for Alpha 1 receptors

Answer 9

α1 - vascular smooth muscle (blood vessels), pupils, heart

Question 10

State the main locations for Alpha 2 receptors

Answer 10

α2 - smooth muscle, platelets, presynaptic adrenergic & cholinergic nerve terminals

Question 11

State the main locations for Beta 1 receptors

Answer 11

β1 - heart

Question 12

State the main locations for Beta 2 receptors

Answer 12

β2 - bronchial smooth muscle, heart, uterus

Question 13

Name the two hormones that activate adrenergic receptors

Answer 13

adrenaline & noradrenaline

Question 14

State the section of the ANS that would be affected by medications that either stimulate or inhibit adrenergic receptors

Answer 14

sympathetic nervous system

Question 15

Describe the effect of administering an agonist medication on adrenergic receptors

Answer 15

mimic sympathetic stimulation therefore produce the same effects of sympathetic stimulation

Question 16

Give an example of a medication in this category (adrenoceptor agonist / sympathomimetic)

State the specific effects these drugs would have on the receptors (e.g. increased BP)

Answer 16

Adrenaline- (α and β receptors)

• Increased cardiac contractility
• Increased heart rate
• Increased blood pressure
• bronchodilation

Noradrenaline (α receptors)
- Increased blood pressure

Question 17

· Describe the effect of administering an antagonist medication on adrenergic receptors

Answer 17

• binds to receptors & blocks them, this prevents the hormone (or neurotransmitter) from exerting an effect
• These drugs are also known as sympatholytic drugs

Question 18

o Give an example of a category of medication in this category (adrenoceptor antagonist / sympatholytic)

o State the specific effects these drugs would have on the receptors (e.g. decreased BP)

Answer 18

• E.g. betablockers
• β1 receptors are located in the heart so the administration of a betablocker will result in ↓ heart rate, ↓ myocardial contractility (force of contraction), ↓ BP, ↓ speed of impulse through the AV node (↓ risk of arrhythmias)
• BUT – these drugs can also cause bronchoconstriction as they may have an effect on the β2 receptors in the smooth muscle of the airways

Question 19

explain a chemical synapse

Answer 19

action potentials (nerve impulses) cause the release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neuron

• These cross the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron (or at the neuromuscular junction)
• If the neurotransmitter binds to receptors it stimulates a response
• If the neurotransmitter doesn’t bind to the receptors (because it is inhibited / blocked) then the response does not occur
• A hormone can also stimulate or inhibit a response by binding to or inhibiting receptors