Pharmacology Flashcards by Katie Nicholas

What is the generic name in terms of medicine?

The active ingredient

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What is the trade name in terms of medicine?

The name the manufacturer has given it

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What are antimicrobial drugs?

Used to treat microbial infections

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What are antibacterials (antibiotics)?

Used to treat bacterial infections

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What is bacteriostatic?

Stops the bacteria from multiplying, making it easier for the hosts defence to kill the bacteria

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What is bactericidal?

Kills the bacteria

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What are broad-spectrum antibiotics?

Effective against a wide range of bacteria

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What are narrow spectrum antibiotics and why are these preferable?

• Only effective against a particular group of bacteria
• Reduces the chance of antibiotic resistance

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What can a nurse do to reduce antimicrobial resistance?

• Practise good hygiene
• Use aseptic techniques
• Client education

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What are antifungals?

Used to treat yeast and fungal infections such as dermatophytosis (ringworm) and malassezia

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What are some examples of antifungals?

• Nystatin
• Clotrimazole
• Econazole
• Miconazole
• Ketoconazole
• Itraconazole

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What are antivirals and how are they disposed of?

• Drugs that kill infections (limited use, expensive)
• Purple lidded waste bin

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What is Interfon omega licensed to treat?

• Canine parvovirus
• FIV/FeLV

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What are ectoparasiticides?

Kill parasites that live on the outside of the body such as mites, fleas, mice and ticks

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What are anthelmintics?

Treat worms such as roundworms, tapeworms and lungworm

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What is the public health risk regarding roundworms (nematodes)?

• Humans can be infected by Toxocara by ingesting eggs in an infected animal’s faeces
• A condition called visceral larval migrans can develop where the larvae hatch and migrate around the body
• Blindness can occur in children if larvae migrate to the retina

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What are some examples of effective NFA-VPS products for roundworms?

• Fenbendazole
• Piperazine
• Pyrantel

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What are the 3 main species of tapeworms (cestodes) and what are their immediate hosts?

• Taenia - rodents
• Dipylidium - fleas
• Echinococcus - sheep

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What are some examples of effective NFA-VPS products for tapeworms?

• Praziquantel
• Fenbendazole (Taenia only)

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What are some examples of effective NFA-VPS products for fleas?

• Fipronil/pyripole
• Imidacloprid

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What are the two most commonly seen protozoa in small animals?

• Giardia
• Toxoplasma

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What are some examples of commonly treated eye conditions?

• Conjunctivitis
• Corneal ulcers
• Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye)

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What are some examples of antibiotics in eye drops?

• Fusidic acid
• Gentamycin
• Cloxacillin

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What are some examples of treatment for dry eye and corneal ulcers?

• Cyclosporin (immunomodulator) - dry eye
• Hyaluronic acid drops - dry eye/corneal ulcers
• Anti-collagenase drops - corneal ulcers

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What are the active ingredients that are often contained in ear treatment?

• Antibiotic • Anti-fungal • Anti-inflammatory

What are some examples of conditions affecting the skin?

• Ectoparasites • Pyoderma - antibiotics needed

What are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)?

• Drugs that inhibit the cyclooxygenase enzyme which is involved in the production of prostaglandins • They reduce inflammation and temperature and relieve pain

What are the side effects of NSAIDS?

• Risk of gastro-intensional haemorrhage • Occasionally renal damage

What are corticosteroids?

• Synthetic forms of cortisol • Suppress inflammatory mediators and suppress the immune system at high doses

What can happen if corticosteroids are used long-term?

• Can suppress the adrenal gland meaning the patient stops producing its own cortisol • Can result in an adrenal crisis if they are withdrawn suddenly

What can corticosteroids be used for?

• Relieve pruritis (anti-pruritic) • Treats allergies • Auto-immune disease • As an adjunct to chemotherapy

What are the side effects of corticosteroids?

• Increased appetite causing weight gain • Polyuria and polydipsia • Gastric upsets and ulceration • Decreased resistance to infection

What can happen if corticosteroids are used at high doses long-term?

Iatrogenic (vet induced) Cushing's disease from glucocorticoid levels being too high

What are antihistamines?

• Manage allergic skin disease • Treat allergic reactions

What is the action of calcium channel blockers? What are some examples?

• Reduces myocardial contractility, slows heart rate and creates vasodilation • Diltiazem, amlodipine

What is the action of anti-arrhythmics? What are some examples?

• Restores normal heart rhythm • Lidocaine, digoxin

What is the action of ACE-inhibitors (angiotensin converting enzyme)? What is an example?

• Dilates blood vessels, reduces fluid retention • Benazepril

What is the action of positive inotropes? What is an example?

• Increases myocardial contractility • Pimobendan

What is the action of diuretics? What is an example?

• Increases urine production, reduces oedema • Frusemide

What is the action of bronchodilators? What are some examples?

• Dilates airways • Terbutaline, salbutamol

What is the action of mucolytics and expectorants? What is an example?

• Breaks down mucous • Bromhexine

What is the action of antitussives? What are some examples?

• Suppresses coughing • Codeine, butorphanol

What are emetics? Which medicine is licensed for dogs?

• Causes vomiting in cases of poisoning • Apomorphine

What are anti-emetics? What are some examples?

• Suppresses vomiting • Cerenia, prevomax(maropitant)

How does Metoclopramide act as an anti-emetic? When should it not be used?

• Increases gastric emptying and gut contractions in an aboral direction • When an animal has a blockage/foreign body

What are antacids? What are some examples?

• Reduce the production of acid • Cimetidine, omeprazole

What are gastroprotectants? What is an example?

• Line the stomach • Sucralfate

What is Loperamide?

• Treats diarrhoea • Slows gastro-intestinal motility

What is Metronidazole?

• Treats diarrhoea • Antibiotic with an immunomodulatory effect on the bowel

What drug is used for constipation?

Lactulose

What is Mirtazapine?

Transdermal gel used in cats to stimulate appetite

What are anticonvulsants (anti-epileptics)?

Prevent or reduce seizure activity by raising the seizure threshold in the brain

What are the side effects of Phenobarbitone?

• Induces the enzymes that metabolise it, so increases its own metabolism • Can be hepatotoxic (liver) • Withdrawal seizures

What is diazepam?

Short term, quick acting anticonvulsant

What is propofol?

• Most commonly used as an anaesthetic drug • Can be used in cases of status epilepticus that are refractory to diazepam

What is Imepitoin?

A newer anticonvulsant which is safer for the liver and does not induce enzymes

What can behaviour modifying drugs be used for?

• Aggression • Noise phobia • Separation anxiety • Inappropriate elimination • Destructive behaviour

What are some examples of licensed behaviour modifying drugs?

• Clomipramine (separation anxiety) • Fluoxetine hydrochloride (separation anxiety) • Selegiline hydrochloride • Dexmedetomidine (noise phobia) • Tasipimidine (situational anxiety) • Pregabalin (transportation for cats)

What are sympathomimetic drugs? What is an example?

• Mimics the sympathetic nervous system so prevents urination • Phenylpropanolamine - treats urinary incontinence in spayed bitches

What are parasympathomimetic drugs? What is an example?

• Mimic the parasympathetic nervous system so facilitate urination • Bethanechol - used in cases of nerve damage to the bladder

What drug can be used for misalliance (unwanted mating)?

Aglepristone - inhibits progesterone

What drug can be used for false pregnancy's?

Cabergoline - inhibits prolactin

What drug can be used for chemical castration?

Deslorelin implant