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University Of Cumbria NMP > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Define pharmacokinetics

A

The effect that the body has on the drugs

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2
Q

What is Pharmacology

A

The study of drugs, their effects on the body and how they are handled by the body, including their chemical structure, drug formulations, routes of administration and modes of action.

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3
Q

What is liberation

A

The process in which the drug is delivered. (ORAL ROUTE ONLY)

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4
Q

What is absorption?

A

How the drug gets into the body.

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5
Q

Name 2 drug factors and 2 patient factors that affect absorption

A

DRUG FACTORS
Dosage form (tablet disintegration/dissolution)
Lipid solubility
Particle size
Concentration
Susceptibility to first pass
PATIENT FACTORS
blood flow
GI PH
Surface area
Interactions with food and other drugs
Compliance

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6
Q

What is Metabolism

A

Modification of the drug by the body.

(Set process aiming at deactivating chemicals and enabling their elimination)

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7
Q

Factors affecting metabolism

A

Disease
Aging
Genetic defect
Alcohol and drugs
Nutrition
Environmental

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8
Q

What is distribution

A

How the drug gets transferred around the cells

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9
Q

What is excretion

A

How the drug exits the body.
Irreversible loss of drug from the body.

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10
Q

Factors affecting drug excretion

A

Age
Disease
Physiochemical properties of drug
PH of urine
Protein binding
Drug interactions

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11
Q

Drugs excreted largely unchanged

A

Furosemide,
gentamicin,
methotrexate,
atenolol,
digoxin

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12
Q

Define hepatic first pass

A

The phenomenon of drug metabolism in the liver which leads to the reduction in concentration of the active drug.

Only affects orally administered medication

Usually reduces bioavailability of the drug

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13
Q

What is bioavailability

A

The rate and extent to which the active ingredient is absorbed from the drug product and becomes available in systemic circulation.

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14
Q

Name 2 Factors affecting bioavailability

A

Dosage form
Route of administration
Stability of the drug in the GI tract (oral route)
Presence of food/drugs in the GI tract
The extent of drug metabolism before reaching the systemic circulation.

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15
Q

What is bio transformation

A

It is similar to absorption
The chemical transformation of a drug to another chemical in a biological system.

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16
Q

what is Bioequivalence

A

No significant difference in the rate and extent which the active ingredient of the drug becomes available from 2 formulations of the same drug. E.G generic vs. branded products.

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17
Q

what is biologic medicines

A

Are made by or derived from a biological source using biotechnology processes.

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18
Q

what are biosimilar medicines

A

Biologics are highly similar and clinically equivalent to an originator medicine.
The active substance of a biosimilar medicine is similar, but not identical to the originator biological medicine.

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19
Q

What is the main plasma protein that drugs bind to in plasma protein binding?

A

Albumin.

20
Q

name 2 factors affecting distribution

A

-Rate of perfusion
-Plasma protein binding
-Accumulation in tissues
-Ability to cross membranes

21
Q

Explain highly bound drugs.

A

highly bound drugs need higher drug concentration to be able to reach an effective therapeutic level in the systemic circulation.

22
Q

Describe competition with highly bound drugs.

A

Drugs may compete for binding with plasma proteins which can lead to interactions as it can greatly affect the amount of unbound drug in the systemic circulation.

23
Q

Factors which can increase the fraction of unbound drug.

A

-Rise in blood urea due to renal impairment
-Low plasma protein albumin levels
-Late pregnancy
-Displacement from binding site by other drugs.

24
Q

what do enzyme inducers do?

A

-Enhance the production of liver enzymes which breaks down drugs,
-Faster rate of drug breakdown
-larger dose of affected drug needed to get the same clinical effect.

25
Q

What do enzyme inhibitors do?

A

-inhibit the enzymes which break down drugs,
-Decreased rate of drug breakdown,
-Smaller dose of affected drug needed to produce the same clinical affect

26
Q

Define Narrow Therapeutic Index

A

A drug with a small margin between toxic and therapeutic effect.

27
Q

2 examples of drugs with Narrow Therapeutic Index

A

-Digoxin
-Warfarin
-Lithium
-Theophylline
-Tacrolimus
-Gentamycin
-Cyclosporine

28
Q

2 Drugs with wide therapeutic index

A

-Ibuprofen
-Paracetamol
-Antihistimine
-Most antibiotics
-Betablockers
-Mulitvitamins
-Proton Pump Inhibitors.

29
Q

Define half life of a drug.

A

The time required to reduce the plasma concentration of a drug to half its original value.

30
Q

What is pharmacogenetics

A

the genetic explanation of individual variability in pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.

31
Q

Give 3 examples of Enzyme inducers

A

-Smoking
-Carbomazapine
-Rifampin
-Alcohol
-Phenytoin
-Griseofulvin
-Phenobarbital

32
Q

Give 3 examples of Enzyme inhibitors

A

-Sodium Valporate
-Isoniazid
-Cimetidine
-Ketoconazole
-Fluconazole
-Alcohol- Binge drinking
-Chloramphenicol
-Erythromycin
-Sulfonamides
-Ciprofloxacin
-Omeprazole
-Metronidazole

33
Q

Define pharmacodynamics

A

The effects that drugs have on the body

34
Q

there are 4 main types of receptors- name 2 of them.

A

-ligand gated receptors
-Guanine Nucleotide-binding protein receptors, (G-protein)
-kinase-linked receptors
-nuclear receptors

35
Q

What is a drug called when it binds to a receptor and causes activation?

A

AGONIST

36
Q

What is a drug called when it binds to a receptor and prevents activation?

A

ANTAGONIST

37
Q

name a B1 agonist and antagonist

A

Agonist
Dobutamine

Antagonist
Metaprolol
Atenolol
Bisoprolol

38
Q

Name a B2 agonist and antagonist

A

Agonist
Salbutamol
Terbutaline

Antagonist
Propranolol

39
Q

what are black triangle drugs?

A

this is a drug that a black triangle is assigned to that is either
-a new active substance or biosimilar medicine
-a new combination of medicines or active substances
-a new route of administration
-a new drug-delivery system
-an established medication which is to be used in a new patient population.

All reactions of these medications should be reported via the yellow card scheme.

40
Q

name a change in the elderly that occurs that could alter the distribution of a drug and Explain how this change effects the distribution of drugs.

A

total body of water decreases in the elderly, Highly water soluble drugs may need to be proportionally smaller doses as there will be a smaller volume of distribution over which the drug is distributed.

41
Q

Which of the following is true?
A. ALL drugs are only excreted after they have been metabolised
B. Some drugs may be excreted unchanged by the body
C. ALL drugs may be given orally
D. Drugs that are given IV only because they cannot be absorbed orally.

A

B. Some drugs may be excreted unchanged by the body

42
Q

A drug acts an agonist at a sodium ION channel. Based on the general mechanism of ion channels, which of the following likely characterises how a drug works?
A. The drug enhances the flow of sodium ions through the channel
B. The sodium enhances transport of the drug through the channel,
C. Drugs do not affect ion channels
D. Inhibits the flow of sodium ions through the channel.

A

A. The drug enhances the flow of sodium ions through the channel

43
Q

Name the main organ of excretion and one other way that drugs can be excreted.

A

Kidneys

sweat
breast milk
faeces

43
Q

If a drug inhibits liver enzymes, drugs that are metabolised by those enzymes will…
A. have decreased plasma levels
B. have unchanged plasma levels
C. have increased plasma levels
D. have to be stopped.

A

C. have increased plasma levels

43
Q
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43
Q
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University Of Cumbria NMP (1 decks)

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