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FMGE > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of bioavailability?

A

It is the fraction of given dose that reaches the systemic circulation in an unchanged form

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2
Q

Which factors affect bio availability?

A

Absorption and first pass metabolism.
If absorption is more by availability, will be more at first past metabolism is more bio availability will be less and vice versa

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3
Q

What does AUC(area under graph) tells us about plasma, concentration versus time graph?

A

Tells us extent of absorption

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4
Q

Acidic drug binds to which protein and basic drugs bind to which protein?

A

Acid drugs, bind to albumin and basic drugs, buy into alpha1 acid glycoprotein

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5
Q

Which drugs are acidic?

A

Aspirin and barbiturates

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6
Q

How to remember that drug is basic?

A

All the drugs that ends with ‘ine’

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7
Q

Dialysis is done for which drugs?

A

M- methanol
L- lithium
A- aspirin

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8
Q

What is the formula for volume of distribution? (Vd)

A

Vd = amount given /plasma, concentration

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9
Q

How to calculate maintenance dose?

A

MD = clearance x target plasma, concentration

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10
Q

What is the most common reaction in phase 1 reaction of metabolism ?

A

Oxidation

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11
Q

What is the most common reaction phase to metabolic reactions?

A

Glucuronidation

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12
Q

Name enzyme inducer drugs?

A

G - Griseofulvin
P - Phenytoin
R - Rifampicin
S - Smoking
Cell - Carbamazepine
Phone - Phenobarbitone

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13
Q

Name the drugs that are enzyme inhibitors.

A

Vit - Valproate
K - Ketoconazole
Can’t - Cimetidine
Cause - Ciprofloxacin
Enzyme - Erythromycin
Inhibition - Isoniazid

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14
Q

Which are the drugs that act on CYP3A4?

A

C - Cyclosporine
T - Tacrolimus
S - Statins
C - CAT (Cisapride, Astemizole & Terfenadine)
A - Amiodarone
N - Navirs

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15
Q

Drugs that act in CYP2D6

A

2 - Beta blockers
D - antidepressants.
6 - Anti arrhythmic except Amiodarone

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16
Q

Which anti-arrhythmic drug do not act on CYP2D6 enzyme?

A

Amiodarone

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17
Q

Drugs that act on CYP2C19

A

Clopidogrel

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18
Q

Drugs that can on CYP2C9

A

Warfarin
Heparin

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19
Q

Why are PPI avoided with clopidogrel?

A

Because Roton pump and bitters inactivate the enzyme CYP2C19 which makes the clopidogrel active

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20
Q

If there is poisoning of weak acid in the body such as aspirin, what is the non invasive treatment to be given?

A

We should make the urine alkaline by adding NaHCO3

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21
Q

Is there is weak base poisoning in the body such as an amphetamine overdose. what is the non invasive treatments to be done?

A

We should make the urine acidic by giving NH4Cl

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22
Q

Which drug prolongs the action of penicillin by inhibiting tubular secretion?

A

Probenecid

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23
Q

Half-life is constant in which order kinetics?

A

First order Kennett

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24
Q

How to calculate half-life (T1/2)?

A

0.693/k
Where k= Cl/Vd
So, t1/2= 0.693 X Vd/Cl

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25
Q

Majority of drugs follow of which order kinetics?

A

First order kinetics

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26
Q

Name the drugs that follow zero order kinetics

A

Zero - zero order kinetics
W - Warfarin
A - Alcohol/Aspirin
T - Theophylline
T - Tolbutamide
Power - Phenytoin

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27
Q

Lineweaver Burke plot also known as

A

Double reciprocal plot

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28
Q

If the lines intersect at X axis it is which type of inhibition?

A

Competitive

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29
Q

If the lines are intersecting at Y axis, which type of inhibition is it?

A

Noncompetitive

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30
Q

What is the shape of log dose response curve?

A

Sigmoid shape

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31
Q

In log DRC which drug is more potent and which is more efficacious?

A

H - height tells about
E - efficacy
L - left side drugs are more
P - potent

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32
Q

How to calculate therapeutic index of a drug?

A

LD50/ED50

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33
Q

Which application is to be submitted for starting clinical trials for a drug?

A

INDA(in investigational new drug application)

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34
Q

In which phase of clinical trials, is it done in healthy individuals

A

Phase 1

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35
Q

Essy cannot be tested in which phase of clinical trials?

A

Phase 1

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36
Q

What is the main aim of phase 1 of clinical trials

A

To know the MTD

37
Q

For the first time the study is done in patience, in which phase of clinical trial?

38
Q

Efficacy is tested for the first time in which phase of clinical trial?

39
Q

Which study is single blind study?

40
Q

Which phase is done in patient in a large number in clinical trials of a drug

41
Q

Confirmation of efficacy is done in which phase of clinical trial for a drug?

42
Q

Which is double blind study in clinical trial phases?

43
Q

What is done in phase 4 of clinical trials for a drug?

A

Post marketing studies, and to know rare and long-term side effects

44
Q

What is done in phase 0 of clinical trials? is it mandatory?

A

It is a microdozzing study and it is not mandatory

45
Q

Given example of schedule X and X category drugs .

A

Schedule X - narcotics and psychotropic drugs, such as ketamine
X category - teratogenic drugs, such as thalidomide

46
Q

Which drugs are safe in pregnancy for hypertension?

A

Labetalol and methyldopa

47
Q

Which drugs are to be avoided in pregnancy for hypertension?

A

ACE inhibitors and ARBs

48
Q

Which anticoagulants are safe in pregnancy and contraindicated in pregnancy?

A

Heparin can be given, and warfarin is contraindicated

49
Q

Which drugs are safe in pregnancy for bipolar disorders, in which are to be avoided?

A

Antipsychotics are safe, but valproate is contraindicated and lithium should be avoided

50
Q

Which anti-thyroid drugs are safe in a pregnant woman, and are to be avoided?

A

Carbimazole is safe and pregnancy and carbazole is contraindicated during first trimester of pregnancy

51
Q

Which antimicrobials are saved during pregnancy? Which antimicrobial drugs are avoided during pregnancy?

A

Penicillin, cephalosporin, and macrolides are safe
Tetracyclines, Quinolones and aminoglycosides are contraindicated

52
Q

Which an epileptic drug is safe in pregnancy?

A

Levetiracetam and Lamitrigine

53
Q

Which anti-epic drug is to be avoided in pregnancy?

54
Q

What is the location of alpha one adrenergic receptor in the body? What are their actions?

A

Blood vessels - constriction of blood vessel
Eye - mydriasis(dilation of the pupil)
Prostatic urethra - decrease urine outflow

55
Q

Where are alpha two adrenergic receptors present in the body and what are their function?

A

Please sign, epic, receptor and act as a break to sympathetic system

56
Q

Where are beta 1 adrenergic receptors present in the body? And what are their functions?

A

Heart - increase heart rate and blood pressure
JG cells - renin secretion

57
Q

Where is beta 2 adrenergic receptor present in the body?

A

Blood vessels
Lungs
GIT system
Bladder
Glands
Uterus
Skeletal muscle
Liver

58
Q

What is the function of beta to receptor in lungs?

A

Bronchodilation

59
Q

What is the function of beta to receptor in GIT?

A

Constipation

60
Q

What is the function of beta to receptors in bladder and glands?

A

Decreases urine, outflow, and decreases secretion from the glands

61
Q

What is the function of beta to receptor on uterus?

A

It acts as a tocolytic(anti-contraction)

62
Q

What is the function of beta to receptor on blood vessels?

A

Vasodilation

63
Q

What is the function of beta to receptors on skeletal muscle spindle?

A

Cause tremor

64
Q

What is the action of beta 2 receptor on liver?

A

Increases blood sugar

65
Q

What is the effect of alpha 1and beta 2 in blood vessels?

A

Alpha 1 causes vasoconstriction and beta 2 causes vasodilation

66
Q

What are the warning symptoms of hypoglycemia? They are seen by which receptors.

A

Tachycardia(B1)
Palpitations (B1)
Tremors (B2)
Sweating (M3)

67
Q

Why are beta blockers contraindicated in diabetic patient?

A

Because they can cause masking of warning, symptoms, and prevent reversal of hypoglycemia

68
Q

Which is the only reliable symptom of hypoglycemia in a diabetic patient who is on beta blocker medication ?

69
Q

Which urgent drug acts by inhibiting reuptake of nor adrenaline

70
Q

All local anesthetic causes vasodilation, except which?

71
Q

What is the action of cocaine on blood vessels and blood pressure?

A

It causes voc, construction and hypertension

72
Q

Which addictive drug shows, tactile, hallucination, and scratching of skin as present as a clinical feature?

A

Cocaine
Scratching marks are because of hallucination cocaine bugs

73
Q

A patient seems agitated, have ulcers or stretch marks on the skin and have tachycardia hypertension. What is he overdosed on?

74
Q

Cocaine overdose is characterized by which symptoms?

A

Agitation
Ulcers or scratch marks on the skin
Sympathetic symptoms, such as tachycardia, hypertension, mydriasis

75
Q

Name six type of catecholamines

A

Adrenaline
Nor adrenaline
Dopamine
Dobutamine
Isoprenaline
Fenoldopam

76
Q

What is the drug of choice for anaphylactic shock?

A

Adrenaline

77
Q

What is the concentration of adrenaline in anaphylactic shock?

A

1:1000(0.5ml)

78
Q

Which drug is useful in case of cardiac arrest

A

Adrenaline

79
Q

What is the concentration of adrenaline in a case of cardiac arrest patient

80
Q

What is the drug of choice for septic shock?

A

Nor adrenaline

81
Q

Nor adrenaline is the drug of choice, for which shock

A

Septic shock

82
Q

Drug of choice for oliguria + shock

83
Q

Dobutamine is used for which heart condition?

A

Chronic heart failure

84
Q

Which catecholamine drug is used for hypertensive emergencies

A

Fenoldopam

85
Q

Which catecholamine increases systolic, blood pressure decreases diastolic blood pressure

A

Isoprenaline

86
Q

Jet black discoloration of the tongue is seen with which substance?

87
Q

How to remember beta blockers?

A

All drugs ending with ‘lol’

88
Q

Adrenaline apps on which receptors ?

A

Alpha 1, Alpha 2, Beta 1, beta 2

FMGE (4 decks)

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