Pharmacology

Question 1

drug metabolism phase I reactions

Answer 1

oxidation (CYP-oxidoreductase system)
reduction
hydrolysis

Question 2

drug metabolism phase II reactions

Answer 2

addition (conjugation) of subgroups to:
-OH
-SH
-NH2

reactions:
glucuronidation, sulfation, acetylation, glutathione conjugation, methylation

this makes the drugs more polar, easier to excrete through the kidneys

Question 3

bethanechol

Answer 3

direct cholinomimetic
muscarinic receptor agonist

used for urinary retention (helps pt empty bladder)

Question 4

nicotine

Answer 4

direct cholinomimetic
nicotinic receptor agonist

used to help pts stop smoking

Question 5

neostigmine

Answer 5

indirect cholinomimetic
cholinesterase inhibitor (inhibits enzyme that breaks down ACh)

indication: myasthenia gravis

Question 6

donepezil

Answer 6

indirect cholinomimetic
cholinesterase inhibitor

indication: Alzheimer’s disease

Question 7

atropine

Answer 7

direct cholinolytic
muscarinic receptor antagonist (non-specific)

indication: cardiac arrest, irritable bowel syndrome, organophosphorus poisoning

Question 8

darifenacin

Answer 8

direct cholinolytic
muscarinic receptor antagonist (M3 specific)

indication: urinary incontinence (relaxes bladder detrusor muscle so pt can control urination)

Question 9

botulinum toxin (type A & B)

Answer 9

indirect cholinolytic
inhibits/blocks release of ACh from the vesicles into the synaptic cleft

indication: spastic disorders

Question 10

pralidoxime

Answer 10

indirect cholinolytic
cholinesterase regenerator

indication: organophosphorus poisoning

Question 11

epinephrine

Answer 11

direct sympathomimetic
alpha & beta receptor agonist (non-specific)

indication: anaphylactic shock (increases BP, bronchodilation)

Question 12

clonidine

Answer 12

direct sympathomimetic
a2 receptor agonist (decreased NE release)

indication: hypertension (causes vasodilation)

Question 13

dobutamine

Answer 13

direct sympathomimetic
b1 receptor agonist

indication: cardiogenic shock, acute heart failure (increases HR, cardiac output)

Question 14

amphetamine

Answer 14

indirect sympathomimetic
facilitates NE release from nerve endings

indication: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Question 15

selegiline

Answer 15

indirect sympathomimetic
inhibits monoamine oxidase (NE/EPI metabolizing enzyme)

indication: symptoms of Parkinson’s disease

Question 16

ephedrine

Answer 16

mixed sympathomimetic
facilitates NE release (indirect), activates both alpha/beta receptors (direct)

indication: nasal congestion (vasoconstriction, can have unwanted effects such as tachycardia, increased BP, CNS stimulation)

Question 17

pseudoephedrine

Answer 17

mixed sympathomimetic
facilitates NE release (indirect), actiates both alpha/beta receptors (direct)

indication: nasal congestion (vasodilation)

Question 18

phenoxybenzamine

Answer 18

direct sympatholytic
alpha-blocker, irreversible (non-specific)

indication: pheochromocytoma (tumor)

very potent

Question 19

doxazosin

Answer 19

direct sympatholytic
a1 blocker (vasodilation)

indication: hypertension, benign prostate hyperplasia

enlarged prostate can block urination

Question 20

atenolol

Answer 20

direct sympatholytic
b1 blocker (decrease HR)

indication: hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias