Pharmacology Flashcards
what is pharmacodynamics
the effects that drugs have on the body
What is Pharmacokinetics
Study of the way in which drugs move through the body
( What the body does to the drug)
What is autonomy
The right of individuals to make choices for themselves
What is Justice
Duty to be fair and equitable in the entitlement to care
What is Beneficence
The duty to do good and maximise good
What is Non Maleficence
obligation to do no harm
What are Enzymes
Biological catalysts that increase the rate of chemical reactions within the body
What is an Agonist
A drug that binds to a receptor and creates a response
What is an antagonist
A drug that binds to a receptor and produces no response therefore blocking the receptor
What is MECC
Making Every Contact Count
An evidence based approach to improving peoples health and well-being by helping them change their behaviour, by utilising day to day interactions
What is half life
the time needed for the total amount of a drug in the body to decrease by 50%
When does steady state occur
When the amount of drug given equals the amount of drug excreted
this can be used to determine the optimal dose for therapeutic effect
The time taken to reach steady state is 5xs the half life of the drug
Name 2 drugs with a narrow therapeutic index
Lithium
Warfarin
What is a pro drug
a drug that is inactive until it reaches the liver and is metabolised e.g Codine
What is bioavaliablity
the amount of the drug absorbed by the body and distributed by systemic blood circulation
What is drug affinity
drug affinity describes how well a drug binds to its specific target. The higher the affinity, the tighter the drug will bind to its target.
What is first pass metabolism
First pass metabolism describes the break down of drugs by enzymes in the liver before the drug has entered the general circulation.
What is first pass metabolism
First pass metabolism describes the break down of drugs by enzymes in the liver before the drug has entered the general circulation.
What are the 4 phases of Pharmacokinetics
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism
Excretion
Who made the behaviour change model
Prochaska and Diclemente
(1983)
How many stages are there in Prochaska and Diclemente behaviour change model
Six stages
What is an excipient
Non-drug parts of the medicine included to make the medicine more effective and convenient
Give an example of how excipients can help make a medication more effective
- Oral: flavouring, bulk, stability, solid form for liquid drugs, enteric coating, delayed release preps
- IM: oil for delayed release depot injections
- Inhalation: propellant gas
Name 3 factors affecting drug absorption
Blood flow to absorption site
Molecular size - smaller mollecules are more easily absorbed
Lipid water solubility - lipid soluble drugs are better absorbed
what happens during protien binding
Drugs form reversible bonds with proteins in the blood ( mainly albumin)
a protein bound drug is unable to leave the blood stream and cannot have any pharmacological effect and so is inactive when bound to protien
only unbound drugs or free drugs that can be distributed to exert pharmacological effect.
Drug protein binding occurs to different extents depending on the drugs affinity for the proteins- lipid soluble drugs have higher affinity over water soluble drugs
Give an example of 2 drugs that displace each other from protein binding sites
Aspirin and Warfarin
What is a partial agonist
Binds to and stimulates a receptor but not as powerfully as a full agonist
What is an inverse agonist
Binds to a receptor and has the opposite effect to an agonist
What is Tolerance
decreased response to the same dose of drug that occurs with repeated administration
what are 3 reasons for drug tolerance
reduced absorption
increased elimination
reduced receptor avaliablity
What is the blood brain barrier
A special compartment
tight endothilal cells which form close knit junctions at cell walls
prevents entry into the brain go most drugs from the blood
smaller drugs penetrate more easily
Drugs that are highly lipid soluble e.g Diazepam are more likely to pass
What is drug potency
The relative amount of a drug required to produce a desired response.
Can also be used to compare drugs
What is a ligand
Any substance, endogenous or exogenous that can bind to a receptor
What is are the three different names given to drugs
Generic name, brand name and chemical name
What is a drugs chemical names
stiflers mom has got it going on
What is a drugs generic name
abbreviation of the chemical name
what is a drugs brand name
Name selected by the drug company selling/ trading it
Which type of drug can cross a cell membrane.
Water or lipid soluble
Lipid– soluble drugs easily cross through cell membranes; water–soluble drugs cannot. They can also cross the blood brain barrier and enter the brain
What is a loading dose
An initial dose which is larger than the usual maintenance dose given to enable steady state to be reached more quickly.
State 4 steps a Prescriber can take to minimise ADR
Check for previous adverse reactions/ allergies
take a through history considering other diseases e.g kidney function
check for drug interactions
check medicines are being taken correctly
what are the four molecules that can act as a target for drug actions
RICE
Receptors
Ion channels
Carrier Molecules
Enzymes
How can receptors be altered to produce a pharmacological effect
recognition proteins that bind ligand and transduce often via second messengers
How can enzymes be altered to produce a pharmacological effect
Can be inhibited leading to reduction in product and increase in substrate
How can Ion Channels be modulated to produce a pharmacological effect
Can be blocked or facilitated leading to changes in excitability ( channel blockers or channel modulators)
How can carrier molecules be modulated to produce a pharmacological effect
Can be blocked leading to an accumulation of substrate
What are the MECC areas that can help people to live a healthier life
stop smoking
Alcohol ( sensible drinking)
Nutrition ( health eating)
physical activity
mental health and well- being
weight management
what happens after 3- 9 months after quitting smoking
Breathing problems will be improved as lung function improves by about 10%
what is antibiotic stewardship
a system wide approach to promote and and monitor the use of anti microbial to persevere their future effectiveness
what is the WHO definition of public health
process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health’
encorporate elements of the bio-psychosocial model of health and suggest there are several factors that influence a persons health such as social and economic
