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NMP > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

what is pharmacodynamics

A

the effects that drugs have on the body

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2
Q

What is Pharmacokinetics

A

Study of the way in which drugs move through the body
( What the body does to the drug)

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3
Q

What is autonomy

A

The right of individuals to make choices for themselves

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4
Q

What is Justice

A

Duty to be fair and equitable in the entitlement to care

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5
Q

What is Beneficence

A

The duty to do good and maximise good

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6
Q

What is Non Maleficence

A

obligation to do no harm

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7
Q

What are Enzymes

A

Biological catalysts that increase the rate of chemical reactions within the body

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8
Q

What is an Agonist

A

A drug that binds to a receptor and creates a response

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9
Q

What is an antagonist

A

A drug that binds to a receptor and produces no response therefore blocking the receptor

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10
Q

What is MECC

A

Making Every Contact Count
An evidence based approach to improving peoples health and well-being by helping them change their behaviour, by utilising day to day interactions

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11
Q

What is half life

A

the time needed for the total amount of a drug in the body to decrease by 50%

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12
Q

When does steady state occur

A

When the amount of drug given equals the amount of drug excreted
this can be used to determine the optimal dose for therapeutic effect
The time taken to reach steady state is 5xs the half life of the drug

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13
Q

Name 2 drugs with a narrow therapeutic index

A

Lithium
Warfarin

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14
Q

What is a pro drug

A

a drug that is inactive until it reaches the liver and is metabolised e.g Codine

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15
Q

What is bioavaliablity

A

the amount of the drug absorbed by the body and distributed by systemic blood circulation

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16
Q

What is drug affinity

A

drug affinity describes how well a drug binds to its specific target. The higher the affinity, the tighter the drug will bind to its target.

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17
Q

What is first pass metabolism

A

First pass metabolism describes the break down of drugs by enzymes in the liver before the drug has entered the general circulation.

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17
Q

What is first pass metabolism

A

First pass metabolism describes the break down of drugs by enzymes in the liver before the drug has entered the general circulation.

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18
Q

What are the 4 phases of Pharmacokinetics

A

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism
Excretion

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19
Q

Who made the behaviour change model

A

Prochaska and Diclemente
(1983)

20
Q

How many stages are there in Prochaska and Diclemente behaviour change model

A

Six stages

21
Q

What is an excipient

A

Non-drug parts of the medicine included to make the medicine more effective and convenient

22
Q

Give an example of how excipients can help make a medication more effective

A
  • Oral: flavouring, bulk, stability, solid form for liquid drugs, enteric coating, delayed release preps
  • IM: oil for delayed release depot injections
  • Inhalation: propellant gas
23
Q

Name 3 factors affecting drug absorption

A

Blood flow to absorption site
Molecular size - smaller mollecules are more easily absorbed
Lipid water solubility - lipid soluble drugs are better absorbed

24
Q

what happens during protien binding

A

Drugs form reversible bonds with proteins in the blood ( mainly albumin)

a protein bound drug is unable to leave the blood stream and cannot have any pharmacological effect and so is inactive when bound to protien

only unbound drugs or free drugs that can be distributed to exert pharmacological effect.

Drug protein binding occurs to different extents depending on the drugs affinity for the proteins- lipid soluble drugs have higher affinity over water soluble drugs

25
Q

Give an example of 2 drugs that displace each other from protein binding sites

A

Aspirin and Warfarin

26
Q

What is a partial agonist

A

Binds to and stimulates a receptor but not as powerfully as a full agonist

27
Q

What is an inverse agonist

A

Binds to a receptor and has the opposite effect to an agonist

28
Q

What is Tolerance

A

decreased response to the same dose of drug that occurs with repeated administration

29
Q

what are 3 reasons for drug tolerance

A

reduced absorption
increased elimination
reduced receptor avaliablity

30
Q

What is the blood brain barrier

A

A special compartment
tight endothilal cells which form close knit junctions at cell walls
prevents entry into the brain go most drugs from the blood
smaller drugs penetrate more easily
Drugs that are highly lipid soluble e.g Diazepam are more likely to pass

31
Q

What is drug potency

A

The relative amount of a drug required to produce a desired response.
Can also be used to compare drugs

32
Q

What is a ligand

A

Any substance, endogenous or exogenous that can bind to a receptor

33
Q

What is are the three different names given to drugs

A

Generic name, brand name and chemical name

34
Q

What is a drugs chemical names

A

stiflers mom has got it going on

35
Q

What is a drugs generic name

A

abbreviation of the chemical name

36
Q

what is a drugs brand name

A

Name selected by the drug company selling/ trading it

37
Q

Which type of drug can cross a cell membrane.
Water or lipid soluble

A

Lipid– soluble drugs easily cross through cell membranes; water–soluble drugs cannot. They can also cross the blood brain barrier and enter the brain

38
Q

What is a loading dose

A

An initial dose which is larger than the usual maintenance dose given to enable steady state to be reached more quickly.

39
Q

State 4 steps a Prescriber can take to minimise ADR

A

Check for previous adverse reactions/ allergies
take a through history considering other diseases e.g kidney function
check for drug interactions
check medicines are being taken correctly

40
Q

what are the four molecules that can act as a target for drug actions

A

RICE
Receptors
Ion channels
Carrier Molecules
Enzymes

41
Q

How can receptors be altered to produce a pharmacological effect

A

recognition proteins that bind ligand and transduce often via second messengers

42
Q

How can enzymes be altered to produce a pharmacological effect

A

Can be inhibited leading to reduction in product and increase in substrate

43
Q

How can Ion Channels be modulated to produce a pharmacological effect

A

Can be blocked or facilitated leading to changes in excitability ( channel blockers or channel modulators)

44
Q

How can carrier molecules be modulated to produce a pharmacological effect

A

Can be blocked leading to an accumulation of substrate

45
Q

What are the MECC areas that can help people to live a healthier life

A

stop smoking
Alcohol ( sensible drinking)
Nutrition ( health eating)
physical activity
mental health and well- being
weight management

46
Q

what happens after 3- 9 months after quitting smoking

A

Breathing problems will be improved as lung function improves by about 10%

47
Q

what is antibiotic stewardship

A

a system wide approach to promote and and monitor the use of anti microbial to persevere their future effectiveness

48
Q

what is the WHO definition of public health

A

process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health’
encorporate elements of the bio-psychosocial model of health and suggest there are several factors that influence a persons health such as social and economic

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