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NBEO Part 1 > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Antibiotic resistance that is rapidly spread within a population of bacteria is due to what mechanism?

A

conjugation — occurs btwn a donor and recipient bacteria

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2
Q

topical glaucoma medications thought to have neuroprotective effect in addition to lowering IOP

A

brimonidine —a2 agonist
- can enhance neuronal cell survival rates

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3
Q

how long does it take for topical steroids to cause IOP elevation?

A

1 month

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4
Q

common side effect of albuterol? what is it used to treat? is it short acting or long acting?

A

tremors*
others: nausea, tachycardia, hypertension, and anxiety

short acting b2 agonist
tx: asthma

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5
Q

which topical glaucoma meds reduce IOP by decreasing secretion of aqueous humor?

A

beta-blockers, CAIs

B-blockers work on the NPCE

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6
Q

which oral antibiotics possess the ability to protect the cornea from thinning due to inhibition of collagenase?

A

doxycycline

(tetracyclines)

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7
Q

what glaucoma meds causes lengthening and thickening of eyelashes as a side effect?

A

prostaglandins

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8
Q

what are side effects of prostaglandins?

A

eyelash extensions/thickening, pseudodendrites, photophobia, irritation, SPK, CME, hyperemia, iris color changes

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9
Q

concurrent conditions that can increase risk of retinal toxicity in pts taking hydrochloroquine?

A

tamoxifen use, renal disease, macular disease

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10
Q

what do adrenergic alpha-2 agonists end in?

A

“-nidine”

brimonidine, alpraclonidine

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11
Q

which medication would provide IMMEDIATE relief for acute allergic conjunctivitis?

A

lotemax

not BEZBOP

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12
Q

tx for seasonal allergic conjunctivitis

A

Alrex + mast cell stabilizer

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13
Q

tx for chronic allergic conjunctivitis

A

mast cell stabilizers (ALOEMAST)

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14
Q

BEZBOP side effects

A

stinging, headaches, adverse taste

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15
Q

what is used in combo with NaFl, known as Fluress?

A

Benoxinate, NOT Propracaine

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16
Q

most common complication that can occur during IV injection of fluorescein

A

hematoma at injection site

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17
Q

compounds added to amoxicillin to increase its effectiveness against bacteria that have demonstrated resistance to pencillin

A

clavulanic potassium

*Augmentin — resistantto beta-lactamase

18
Q

what are 3 drug-based factors that allow for a better ability of a medication to pass thru plasma membranes?

A

lipid-soluble, non-ionized, smaller molecular structure

19
Q

what disrupts bacterial cell membrane and is useful for prevention of dental cavities?

A

chlorhexidine

20
Q

what is a very useful antiseptic & disinfectant, that is bactericidal and virucidal?

A

Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)

21
Q

max # of days that Viroptic should be used continuously in order to avoid potential ocular toxicity

A

21 day

22
Q

antibiotics whose mechanism of action results in bacterial cell death are considered what?

A

bactericidal

23
Q

antibiotics whose mechanism of action is to inhibit or arrest the growth, development, or multiplcation of the infecting bacteria are considered what?

A

bacteriostatic

24
Q

The effects of heparin can be reserved by the administration of which agent?

A

protamine

25
Q

sedating antihistamines

A

diphenhydramine, chlorpheniramine, promethazine, hydroxyzine

26
Q

non-sedating antihistamines

A

fexofenadine (allegra), loratadine (claritin), desloratadine (Clarinex), certizine (zyrtec)

27
Q

which topical opthalmic drops has the shortest duration of mydriatic effect?

A

phenylephrine — 3 hrs (no cycloplegic effect)

28
Q

which rate of elimination will result in a constant rate

A

zero-order kinetics

29
Q

which rate of elimination will result in a drug- dependent rate

A

first-order kinetics

30
Q

What class of glaucoma medications should be used as a last resort in infants due to the concern of CNS side effects? Why?

A

CAIs — Adrenergic agonists (e.g. apraclonidine, brimonidine)

CNS effects cause fatigue and lethargy.

Cholinergic antagonists are not used as a treatment for glaucoma

31
Q

Which of the following drugs is well known for tachyphylaxis?

A. Xalatan

B. Lumigan

C. Apraclonidine

D. Timolol

A

C. apraclonidine

Apraclonidine provides a significant reduction in IOP (up to 40%) in ACUTE situations (acute angle closure, acutely elevated IOP due to uveitis or NVG, immediate post-op SLT or YPC to prevent an IOP spike). However, it loses its efficacy quickly when repeated doses are given, so it is NOT prescribed for long term care.

32
Q

How long after instillation does it take for tropicamide to reach its maximum mydriatic effect?

A. 10-15 minutes

B. 20-30 minutes

C. 30-40 minutes

D. 40-60 minutes

A

B. 20-30 mins

33
Q

All of the following are side effects of pilocarpine EXCEPT:

A. ciliary spasm

B. miosis

C. cataracts

D. dry eyes

A

D. dry eyes

Recall that PILOCARPINE is a CHOLINERGIC AGONIST. This mean you expect PARASYMPATHETIC ACTIONS, including lacrimation (not dry eye).`

34
Q

All of the following are side effects of beta blockers EXCEPT:

A. bradycardia

B. bronchoconstriction

C. euphoria

D. impotence

E. GI distress

A

C. euphoria

35
Q

side effects of beta blockers

A

bradycardia, bronchoconstriction, impotence, GI distress

36
Q

Describe the mechanism of action (MOA) of prostaglandins. What receptors do they activate?

A

Prostaglandins increase aqueous outflow via the UVEOSCLERAL MESHWORK. They act on PGF2a receptors on the CILIARY MUSCLE, which activates METALLOPROTEINASES, causing a reduction in neighboring COLLAGEN.

Remember that prostaglandins cause an increase in eyelash length and growth due to activation of phospholipase C.

37
Q

Which of the 4 classes of CNS drugs does NOT have an agent used for the treatment of glaucoma?

A

Cholinergic antagonists

Recall that this class has all the drugs we commonly use in clinic for dilation and cycloplegia, including tropicamide, atropine, homatropine, and cyclopentolate. The other three classes all have drugs used for glaucoma management. Cholinergic antagonists do NOT treat glaucoma.

38
Q

What is the mechanism of action of cocaine?

A. Inhibits the action of acetylcholinesterase at preganglionic nerve terminals

B. Blocks the reuptake of norepinephrine at postganglionic nerve terminals

C. Blocks the release of norepinephrine at postganglionic nerve terminals

D. Blocks the reuptake of norepinephrine at preganglionic nerve terminals

A

B. Blocks the reuptake of norepinephrine at postganglionic nerve terminals

39
Q

Which two drugs arguably have some neuroprotective capabilities?

A

Brimonidine (Alphagan) and betaxolol (Betoptic-S)

2 B’s for Brain

40
Q

How long after instillation does it take for cyclopentolate to reach its maximum cycloplegic effect?

A. 10-15 minutes

B. 15-20 minutes

C. 40-60 minutes

D. 80-100 minutes

A

C

41
Q

drug for loop diuretic; what are side effects?

A

furosemide

SE: hypokalemia,neurophrotoxicity, ototoxicity

42
Q

side effect of spironolactone

A

hyperkalemia

NBEO Part 1 (1 decks)

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