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Basic Haematology > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the weight of low molecular heparins ( Fractioned)?

A

2000-6000

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2
Q

What is the weight of low molecular heparins ( Unfractioned)?

A

5000-30,000

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3
Q

True or False? Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia(HIT)) can occur as a result from treatment with the use of Fractioned Heparin.

A

FALSE!!! It is through the use of Unfractioned Heparin

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4
Q

What is Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia(HIT) ?

A

A hypercoagulable state plus thrombocytopenia that occurs in a small number of individuals treated with unfractionated heparin

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5
Q

What test can be used to monitor the anticoagulant effect of Warfarin?

A

Prothrombin time (PT) test & INR

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6
Q

What test is used to monitor the anticoagulant effect of unfractionated heparin and direct thrombin inhibitors?

A

Activated partial thromboplastin time
(aPTT) test

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7
Q

What are some examples of Anticoagulants?

A

Warfarin
Heparins
Direct Thrombin Inhibitors
Direct Xa Inhibitors

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8
Q

Tissue Plasminogen activator (t-PA) derivatives & Streptokinase are what type of drugs?

A

Thrombolytics

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9
Q

What are some examples of Antiplatelet Drugs?

A

Avery - Aspirin
Addison - Adenosine uptake inhibitors
Gives - Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors
Anti- Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)
Platelet - Phosphodiesterase (PDE)/

” Avery & Addison Gives Anti - Platelet drugs.”

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10
Q

What is low molecular weight heparins?

A

Enoxaparin
Dalteparin

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11
Q

What is the Mechanism of action for Aspirin?

A

The mechanism of action of NSAIDs involves the inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) enzymes, thereby preventing the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins or TXA2 resulting in no platelet aggregation .

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12
Q

What is the normal dose of Aspirin to be given?

A

Oral dose: 160-320 mg per day

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13
Q

Why should Aspirin be given in low doses?

A

It can result in Gastric bleeding & Reye syndrome in children and adolescents.

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14
Q

What is the name of the receptor on the platelet that binds to ADP?

A

P2Y12

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15
Q

What drugs act by irreversibly inhibiting the binding of ADP to its receptor on Platelets?

A

Thienopyridine Derivatives

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16
Q

What are examples of Thienopyridine Derivatives?

A

Please- Prasugel
Come- Clopidogrel
Tickle- Ticagrelor
Ticlopidine

” Please come tickle ticlopidine”

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17
Q

What is the mechanism of Action for the drugs Abciximab, eptifibatide, tirofiban?

A

They bind to the glycoprotein receptor llb/llla on activated platelets, preventing aggregation via cross-linking of fibrinogen.

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18
Q

True or False? GlIb/IIIa inhibitor drugs are only given intravenously?

A

TRUE!!

19
Q

What type of drugs are Cilostazol, Dipyrimadole?

A

Phosphodiesterases Inhibitors

20
Q

What Is the mechanism of Action for Cilostazol, Dipyrimadole?

A

Phosphodiesterase III (PDE3) inhibitors stop clot formation by blocking the enzymes that normally inactivate cyclic AMP (cAMP), leading to increased levels of cAMP in platelets. An increase in cAMP leads to a DECREASE in Calcium which leads to inactivation of platelet aggregation.

21
Q

What type of drugs are Anti-Thrombin III activators?

A

Heparin
Enoxaparin - LMWH
Dalteparin-LMWH

22
Q

What is the mechanism of Action of Heparin?

A

It stimulates the activity antithrombin(1000x) , which decreases the action of Factor Ila (thrombin) and factor Xa.

23
Q

True or False? Heparin and Low-molecular weight heparin bings to both Thrombin and Antithrombin.

A

FALSE!! LMWH does NOT bind to thrombin and ONLY anti-thrombin (therefore increase inactivation of factor Xa)

24
Q

What drug can be used to treat Heparin toxicity?

A

Protamine Sulphate

25
Q

What are Adverse effects of Heparin?

A

Bleeding, Heparin-Induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), osteoporosis, drug-drug interactions.

26
Q

What test can be used to monitor Heparin usage?

A

PTT

27
Q

What type of antibodies are seen in Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia?

A

lgG antibodies against heparin- bound platelet factor4 (PF4)

28
Q

What are examples of Direct Thrombin Inhibitors(DTI)?

A

HIRUDIN/BIVALIRUDIN (IV),
LEPURIDIN (IV),
DABIGATRAN
ARGATROBAN
ETEXILATE (ORAL)

29
Q

What kind of DTI is Bivalirudin?

A

It is Bivalent DIT ( it binds to the Thrombin active site and Fibrinogen Active site)

30
Q

True or False? Bivalirudin is related to hirudin, the anticoagulant used by leeches.

A

TRUE!!

31
Q

What tests are used to monitor Warfarin?

A

PT and INR ( Internationalized monitor ratio)

32
Q

What substances can be given to reverse the effects of Warfarin?

A

Vitamin-K or Fresh Frozen Plasma ( rapid reversal)

33
Q

What is the mechanism of Warfarin?

A

Warfarin inhibits the normal production of vitamin K–dependent clotting factors in the liver.

34
Q

What specific enzyme does Warfarin inhibit?

A

Inhibits EPOXIDE REDUCTASE , which interferes with y-carboxylation of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors II, VII, IX, X, and proteins C, S.

35
Q

What are Vitamin- K dependent clotting factors?

A

Factors II, VII, IX & X , Protein C & S
“ 2 + 7 =9
plus 1 = 10

36
Q

True or False? Heparin is teratogenic.

A

FALSE!!! Warfarin is teratogenic

37
Q

What is another name for Warfarin?

A

Coumarin

38
Q

Where is the site of action for Heparin and Warfarin?

A

Heparin - Blood
Warfarin - Liver

39
Q

What are the adverse effects of Warfarin?

A

Bleeding, Warfarin Skin tissue Necrosis, Bleeding, Drug- Interactions

40
Q

What are examples Thrombolytic drugs?

A

Alteplase (tPA)
Reteplase (rPA)
Streptokinase
Urokinase
Tenecteplase (TNK-tPA).

41
Q

What is the function of thrombolytic drugs?

A

Thrombolytic drugs are used to lyse already formed clots.

42
Q

What is the origin of Streptokinase?

A

Beta - haemolytic streptococci

43
Q

True or False? Reteplase and Tenecteplase are obtained from human mucosa cells.

A

TRUE!!

44
Q

What is a naturally occurring thrombolytic that can be cultured from Kidney cells?

A

Urokinase

Basic Haematology (6 decks)

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