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Ophthalmology > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Flourescein

A

Orange dye that when used with a woods lamp, corneal abrasions, foreign bodies, ulcers, infection and herpatic dendrites can be seen.

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2
Q

Topical anesthetic MOA

A

Stabilizes neuronal membranes inhibiting nerve impulses.

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3
Q

Short-acting topical anesthetics

A

Proparacaine (Alcaine)
Oxybrupocaine/Benoxinate (novesin, novesine)
Very short acting
-Benoxinate comes in combo with flourescine
-Proparicaine is most often used because there is less stinging on application.

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4
Q

Tetricaine (pontocaine)

A

Longer acting topical anesthetic

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5
Q

Topical Anesthetic SE

A
  • Stinging, irritation
  • Hypersensitivity rxn
  • Prolonged use may inhibit healing
  • Must protect eye from irritants until it wears off.
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6
Q

Topical Anesthetic CI

A
  • *Never write a script for these!**
  • Any hypersensitivity to anesthetics
  • liver disease
  • Anticholinesterases
  • Dry eye
  • Perforating eye injury
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7
Q

Diclofenac (Voltaren)

A

NSAID used for post-op pain/inflammation after cataract surgery

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8
Q

Ketorlac (acular)

A

NSAID: Can be used for allergic conjunctivitis.

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9
Q

Dont use opth. NSAIDS for longer than _______ weeks

A

two. can cause corneal injury

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10
Q

Corticosteroids

A

Use of corticosteroids should be reserved for an opthalmologist

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11
Q

Corticosteroid indications

A
  • Acute iritis
  • Stromal keratitis
  • Chemical burns
  • (Epi)scleritis
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12
Q

Prednisolone acetate 1% soln (Pred Forte)

A
  • Most commonly used opthalmic corticosteroid

- Dexamethasone and Flourometholone are also used.

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13
Q

Corticosteroid SE

A

Short-term: Mydriasis, Ptosis, healing inhibition.

Long-term: Cataracts, corneal thinning/rupture, glaucoma, immmunosuppression, keratitis.

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14
Q

Corticosteroid CI

A

Viral or fungal disease of cornea or conjunctiva

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15
Q

Decongestants MOA

A

Over the counter

Causes pupil dilation, increase outflow of aqueous humor, vasoconstriction.

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16
Q

Decongestant Indications

A

Allergic conjunctivitis (redness, itching, burning, excessive tearing)

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17
Q

Decongestant SE

A

Burning, blurred vision, pupil dilation, rebound congestion.

Not to be used with glaucoma

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18
Q

Antihistamines

A

Prescription and OTC
Patanol (prescription)
Ketotifen (OTC)

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19
Q

Antihistamine SE

A

Eye irritation, stinging upon application.

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20
Q

Most antihistamines can be used with ______ ______ _____.

A

Contact lens wearers. Must take out for 10 minutes before and after application.

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21
Q

Mast Cell Stabilizer

A

Cromolyn Sodium (Opticrom)
Inhibits mast cell degranulation
Must take 4x per day
Can use long-term

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22
Q

Sulfonamide MOA

A

ABx: Inhibits synthesis of folic acid

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23
Q

Sulfonamide Indication

A

Lid infxns
Conjunctivitis
Corneal abrasion, ulcer
Infxn prevention

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24
Q

Sulfacetamide

A

Bleph-10, Ocu-Sul, Sodium Sulamyd, Sulf-10

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25
Q

Sulfonamide SE

A

Local irritation, stinging, burning

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26
Q

Flouroquinolones MOA

A

ABx: Inhibits DNA synthesis

27
Q

Flouroquinolones Indications

A 
Lid infxns
Conjunctivitis (not 1st line)
Corneal abrasion, ulcer
Prevent infxns
*Should be used in pseudomonas is suspected.*
**contact lens wearers = pseudomonas**
28
Q

Flouroquinolone types

A

Ciproflaxacin, Ofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin

29
Q

Flouroquinolones SE

A

Burning, stinging, foreign body sensation, photophobia

30
Q

Aminoglycosides MOA

A

Bind to ribosomes and inhibit tRNA synthesis

31
Q

Aminoglycosides indications

A

Lid infxns
Conjunctivitis
Corneal abrasion, ulcer
Infxn prevention

32
Q

Aminoglycosides types

A

Gentamycin, Tobramycin,

Neomycin (high incidence of allergy)

33
Q

Aminoglycosides SE

A

Generally avoid these for run of the mill conjunctivitis

Burning, itching, erythema

34
Q

Macrolides MOA

A

Inhibits tRNA synthesis

35
Q

Macrolide Types

A

Erythromycin (cheap), Azythromycin (spendy)

36
Q

Macrolide Indications

A

Same as the others

37
Q

Bacitracin MOA

A

Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis

38
Q

Bacitracin Indications

A

Lid infxns
Conjunctivitis
Corneal abrasion, ulcer
Prevent infxns

39
Q

Trimethoptrim Sulfate (Polytrim)

A

Combo of two antibiotics
Ok for sulfa allergies!!
Used for the same stuff.

40
Q

Idoxuridine (Dendrid)

A
  • Antiviral
  • Used for herpes simplex keratitis
  • Blocks reproduction of HSV
41
Q

Trifuridine (Viroptic)

A
  • Antiviral
  • Used for keratoconjunctivitis, keratitis
  • May cause burning, stinging
    Used if vidarabine is ineffective
42
Q

Vidarabine (Vira-a)

A
  • Used for keratoconjunctivitis and keratitis

- May cause haze, burning

43
Q

You should never treat ocular herpes in a _____ _____ setting.

A

Primary care. refer to optho.

44
Q

Cycloplegics MOA

A

Paralyze the ciliary muscles and cause dilation of the pupil.

45
Q

Cycloplegic Indications

A
  • Dilation before eye exam
  • Pre and post-op
  • Pain relief for abrasions/iritis/uveitis
46
Q

Cycloplegic types

A

Atropine, Scopolamine, Cyclopentolate, Mydriacyl

47
Q

Cycloplegic CI

A
  • Angle closure glaucoma
  • People w/ narrow angles
  • Caution in children and elderly
48
Q

Cycloplegic SE

A 
Blurred vision
Burning/stinging
Eye irritation
Photophobia
Swelling of eyelids
49
Q

Agents for glaucoma

A

1st line: Prostaglandin Analogs

2nd line: Beta Blockers

50
Q

Prostaglandin Analog MOA

A

Increase uveoscleral flow

51
Q

Prostaglandin types

A

Latanoprost (Xalatan)
Bimatoprost (Lumigan)
Tafloprost (Zioptan)

52
Q

Prostaglandin SE

A

Decreased visual acuity
Eye discomfort
Dry eye
Foreign body sensation

53
Q

Prostaglandin may decrease efficacy of ________.

A

NSAIDS

54
Q

Beta Blocker MOA

A

May decrease aqueous humor formation or increase outflow.

55
Q

Beta Blocker types

A 
Betaxolol (Betoptic) - selective
Timolol maleate (Timoptic) - non
Levobunolol (Betagan) - non
56
Q

Beta Blocker SE

A 
Decrease Cardiac output
Bronchospasm
Bradycardia
Heart block
Hypotension
57
Q

Beta Blocker CI

A 
Asthma
COPD
Sinus bradycardia
2nd or 3rd degree AV block
Overt cardiac failure
58
Q

Alpha Andrenergic Agonists MOA

A
  • Reduces intraocular pressure (IOP) by increasing outflow and reducing aqueous humor production
  • 3rd line for glaucoma
  • effective but not commonly used due to SE, many drug interactions
59
Q

Alpha Andrenergic Agonist Types

A

Brimonidine (Alphagan P)

Apraclonidine (Iopidine)

60
Q

Cholinergic Agonists MOA

A

Contract ciliary muscle, allowing increased outflow.

out of favor

61
Q

Cholinergic Agonists SE

A

Brow ache, Induced Myopia, Decreased vision in low light.

Out of favor

62
Q

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitirs

A

Acetazolamide. Do not appear to be as effective as other therapies, but can be used when treatment of angle closure glaucoma is delayed

63
Q

T or F: Eye drops do not have systemic effects

A

False. They do. Look that shit up.

Ophthalmology (12 decks)

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