Pharmacology Flashcards
1
Q
Short term effects of anticholinergics?
A
- confusion
- hallucinations
- tachycardia
- blurred vision
- urinary retention
- constipation
- dizziness
2
Q
Long term consequence of anticholinergics?
A
- risk of dementia
3
Q
Examples of drugs that have an anti-cholinergic effect?
A
- parkinsons drugs
- antidepressants
- antiemetics
- opiates
4
Q
Explain anticholinergic burden
A
- summative effect with multiple prescriptions
5
Q
Bleeding ulcer stop which drug?
A
- NSAID
6
Q
Kidney failure stop which drug
A
- ACEi
7
Q
Severe hyponatraemia stop which drug?
A
- antidepressant
- bendrofluazide
8
Q
Describe futility
A
- prescription of a drug with no benefit
9
Q
Alpha blocker + anti-hypertensive may cause?
A
- postural hypotension
10
Q
Define pharmacodynamics
A
- what the drug does to the body
11
Q
Define pharmacokinetics?
A
- what the body does to the drug
- absorption
- distribution
- metabolism
- excretion
12
Q
How might pharmacokinetics change as we age?
A
- absorption favours basic drugs due to gastric pH
- less albumin means less acidic drug binding and more basic
- decreased muscle mass, and increased fat increases the distribution of lipophilic drugs
- decrease in body water reduces hydrophilic drug distribution
13
Q
Explain changes to gastric pH as you age and how that might affect drug absorption
A
- as we age the gastric contents become more alkaline (pH> 7.35), meaning they absorb basic drugs better
14
Q
Explain the changes to protein binding as we age?
A
- albumin decreases so less acidic drugs bind
- more alpha 1 acid glycoprotein so more basic drugs are bound
15
Q
Explain lipid binding changes as we age
A
- older people have reduced muscle mass and increased fat
- increased distribution of lipophilic drugs
