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RED > PHARMACOLOGY 1 Hormones Or The Adrenal Pituitary And Thyroid Gland > Flashcards

PHARMACOLOGY 1 Hormones Or The Adrenal Pituitary And Thyroid Gland Flashcards

1
Q

Structure of T3 in terms of tyrosine derivatives

A

MIT+DIT

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2
Q

Structure of T4 in terms of tyrosine derivatives

A

DIT+DIT

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3
Q

Which is more potent T3 OR T4

A

T3
T4 is converted into T3 (prohormone for T3)

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4
Q

Where is T3+T4 secreted from and what stimulates it

A

Thyroid gland
Stimulated by TSH

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5
Q

What is the action of T3 and T4
(5 key effects)

A
  • Inc metabolic rate
  • Inc metabolism of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates
  • stimulates growth and development ie regulation of weight energy levels
  • Deveopment and maturation of CNS
  • up-regulation of beta adrenoceptors = inc heart rate
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6
Q

Target cells of T3&4

A

LIVER AND KIDNET

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7
Q

Calcitonin role
Secreted from?

A

Produced by parafollicular C cells(Endocrine cells in thyroid)
Reduce plasma calcium ion levels

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8
Q

Parathyroid hormone
- produced?
- role?

A

Inc Ca2+ levels
Secreted by parathyroid gland

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9
Q

What is primary hypothyroidism (hashimotos)
What effect on TSH,T3, T4 levels
How to treat

A

Failure of thyroid gland
Presence of antibodies
Inc TSH - not being used to stimulate thyroid gland to secrete T3&T4 as there is failure of thyroid gland
= dec T3&4
Treatment = levothyroxine (T4)

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10
Q

What is secondary hypothyroidism

A

Pituitary disease

Pituitary stimulated by TRH - thyrotropin releasing hormone

Dec t3 t4
Dec TSH

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11
Q

Is a goitre present in primary hypothyroidism

A

Yes

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12
Q

What does a lack of dietary iodine lead to
- t3,t4,TSH levels
Goitre ?

A

Dec t3 t4 TSH
- as hypothalamus doesn’t produce enough TRH = less TSH from anterior pituitary = less T3&4
Goitre present as body tries to absorb as much iodine from the body as possible
Iodine needed to produce TH

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13
Q

What is iodine essential for in thyroid gland

A

TH production

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14
Q

What is primary hyperthyroidism
Levels of t3 t4 TSH
Goitre present

A

Thyroid gland overactive
Inc t3 t4 TSH
Goitre present

Anti thyroid meds
Beta blockers to reduce side effects - no effect on thyroid hormones

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15
Q

What is Graves’ disease

A

Too many thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins
Cause is unknown
The antibodies stimulate TSI = inhibitory effect

Inc T3 T4
Dec TSH

Goitre present as thyroid overactive and inc amount id TSI (thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins)

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16
Q

What does GnRH stimulate (gonadotropin releasing hormone)

A

LH FSH

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17
Q

Effect of LH

A

Control of menstrual cycle. Triggers the release of an egg from the ovary. LH levels rise before ovulation

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18
Q

Effect of FSH

A

Stimulates growth of eggs in the ovary in woman and control of sperm production in men
Peak before egg is released by ovary

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19
Q

Effect of growth hormone

A

Effect on metabolism and linear growth (skeletal growth)
Metabolism:
- Liver – inc Gluconeogenesis
- Muscle – inc amino acid uptake, inc protein synthesis, dec glucose uptake
- Adipose tissue – inc lipolysis, dec glucose uptake
Promotes growth by stimulating growth factors such as IGF 1&2 which promote soft tissue growth and bone growth

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20
Q

Prolactin role

A

Stimulates mammary glands to produce milk ie lactation and promotes growth and development of the breasts
Inhibits GnHR release to dec fertility – hence why lactation can prevent fertilisation – resources are needed elsewhere rather than the development of a foetus

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21
Q

ACTH role

A

Controls production of cortisol And androgens (growth and reproduction hormones, androgens are a group of sex hormones) – stress hormone

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22
Q

What stimulates released of vasopressin and what is its effect

A

Released upon fall on blood volume or pressure, also stimulated by angiotensin II

Increase in body fluid osmolality

Causes vasoconstriction by binding to V1 receptors
Increases permeability of DCT by binding to V2 receptors = inc re-absorption of water

Stimulates Expression of aquaporins (in DCT and CD (kidney)
Increased water re absorption increases blood pressure and volume.

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23
Q

What stimulates release of oxytocin and what is its effect

A

In women the release is stimulated by sucking and cervical stimulation (parturition)

Female: Stimulates expression of breast milk
And stimulates contraction of uterine smooth muscle
It’s release is via a positive feedback loop

24
Q

Effect if growth hormone deficiency

A

Deficiency = stunted growth and deficiencies
Excess = accelerated growth and acromegaly Which is where the body develops a glucose intolerance = diabetes
Many non specific symptoms

25
Q

Effect of excess prolactin and its treatment

A

Excess – hyperprolactinaemia
= loss of fertility and libido
Treated with dopamine receptor antagonists
Radiotherapy/ surgery for tumours (prolactin release is stimulated by dopamine)

26
Q

Cushing’s syndrome effect

A

Cushing Syndrome – tumour in corticotropic cells of pituitary gland = Increased secretion of ACTH = more cortisol secreted = high blood pressure or bone loss, potentially cause type 2 diabetes

27
Q

Vasopressin deficiency effect

A

Deficiency
= diabetes insipidus (central diabetes)
- Large urine volume production
- Thirst
Symptoms as a result of water loss as there is decreased reabsorption of water
Cause of deficiency : lesions in hypothalamus or insensitivity of the kidney to ADH – body doesn’t produce as much

28
Q

Vasopressin excess effect

A

= SIADH
Could be caused by trauma to the brain causing inappropriate release of ADH

29
Q

Oxytocin deficiency cause and effect

A

Deficiency caused by panhypopituarism
- Condition where all pituitary hormones are low
low levels linked to autism and depressive symptoms
Deficiency also prevents milk ejection reflex for breastfeeding

30
Q

What hormone does dopamine inhibit

A

Prolactin

31
Q

What hormones does somatostatin inhibit

A

Insulin
Glucagon
GH
TSH

32
Q

What does TRH stimulate

A

TSH + prolactin

33
Q

What does CRH stimulate

A

ACTH

34
Q

What is an endocrine axis ?

A

The interaction between the hypothalamus, pituitary and peripheral endocrine glands showing feedback regulation

35
Q

Feedback control

A

Physiological response to the hormone feeds back to the endocrine gland that secreted the hormone- alters secretion rate.

36
Q

. How do steroid hormones create a physiological response?

A

Increased gene expression/decreased gene expression

37
Q

What is the action of steroid hormones

A

Steroid hormone binds to intracellular receptor- acts as transcription factor.

38
Q

How is cortsiol protective

A

Protects the body against damage from over-activation of immune defence mechanisms- at high levels- immunosuppressive/anti-inflammatory effect.

39
Q

How do autocrine cells work?

A

Substance produced by the cell, enters interstitial fluid and acts on the same cell that made the substance.

40
Q

What are paracrines

A

Substance made by the cell acts on local cells via interstiial fluid.

41
Q

How do neuroendocrine cells work?

A

Action potential triggers secretion of neurohormone into the blood- then acts on target cell.

42
Q

What are steroid hormones

A

Derived from cholesterol
Bio synthetic enzymes convert cholesterol to its derivatives (eg cortisol)

43
Q

What is preprohormone

A

Large precursor molecule- ‘pre’ signal peptide informs the cell that the molecule needs further processing.

44
Q

Where is preprohormone converted into prohormone

A

ER

45
Q

What is prohormone

A

Complete hormone sequence with additional peptide sequences

46
Q

How is prohormone converted to hormone?

A

Peptide sequences are cleaved by proteolytic enzymes to form hormone

47
Q

How is the final hormone stored and released

A

In secretory vesicles until endocrine cell is stimulated.
Then secreted via exocytosis

48
Q

How are steroid hormones synthesised and released

A

Bio synthetic enzymes convert cholesterol to hormone and steroid hormones diffuse out of cell due to lipophilicity

49
Q

How do steroid hormones travel around blood

A

Protein bound

50
Q

Action of peptide hormones

A

GPCR&tyrosine kinase receptors

51
Q

How does peptide hormone action lead to a physiological response?

A

Signal transduction- altered activity of enzymes, altered expression of specific proteins.

52
Q

What is the action of steroid hormones

A

Steroid hormone binds to intracellular receptor- acts as transcription factor. Increased gene expression/decreased gene expression.

53
Q

What is a neuroendocrine reflex?

A

Input from higher centres ie CNS
Axon terminals in hypothalamus

54
Q

How does hormone excess (hypersecretion) occur?

A

Tumour/immunological factor.

55
Q

How does hyposecretion occur?

A

Genetic, immunological attack

56
Q

How are endocrine disorders investigated and treated

A

Stimulation/suppression tests

Hormone deficiency - hormone replacement
Hormone excess - drugs to block production
Decreased target cell responsiveness - drugs to enhance cellular response

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