Pharmacological Principles Flashcards
What’s the definition of a drug?
Any chemical that affects the physiological processes of a living organism
3 Types of Drug Name Categories
- Chemical Name
- Generic Name
- Trade Name
What’s a Chemical Name?
Name describing the drugs chemical composition and molecular structure
What is a Generic Name?
Nonproprietary Name
Name given to the drug that’s approved by Health Canada
What’s a Trade Name?
Proprietary Name
Name given to a drug that has a registered trademark and is restricted to the patent owner
What are the 6 Pharmacological Principles?
1 Pharmaceutics 2 Pharmacokinetics 3 Pharmacodynamics 4 Pharmacotherapeutics 5 Pharmacognosy 6 Toxicity
Definition of Pharmaceutics
The study of how various dosage forms influence pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic activities
*Dosage form affects dissolution
What is Pharmacokinetics?
The study of what the body does to the drug
4 Types of Pharmacokinetics
1 Absorption
2 Distribution
3 Metabolism
4 Excretion
What is pharmacodynamics?
The study of what the drug does to the body
*The mechanism of interactions of drugs at their sites of activity
What is Pharmacotherapeutics?
The use of drugs and the clinical indications for administering drugs to prevent and treat disease
- Empirical Therapeutics
- Rational Therapeutics
What is Pharmacognosy?
The study of natural animal and plant drug sources
What is Bioavailability?
The portion of the drug that enters the circulation system when introduced into the body and is available to have an active effect
What is Absorption?
The movement of a drug from its site of administration into the bloodstream for distribution to the tissues
Factors that affect Absorption of a drug?
- Food of fluids taken with the drug
- Rate of blood flow to Sm Intestine
- Acidity of the stomach
- Dosage Formulation
- Absorptive Surface
- Status of GI motility ie. Diarrhea or constipation
What’s a Route?
A drugs route of administration. Effects the rate and extent of absorption of that drug.
3 Types of Routes
1 Parenteral
2 Topical
3 Enteral
What’s an Enteral Route?
Drug absorbed through oral or gastric mucosa or small intestine
Two types of oral….hee hee ;)
Sublingual (Under tongue)
Buccal (Cheek)
What’s the first pass effect?
The metabolism of a drug from the liver to the circulatory system
What form of drug administration doesn’t go through the first pass effect?
Parenteral
*A drug given intravenously bypasses the liver and goes directly into the the circulation system
4 Types of First Pass Routes?
Oral, Rectal, Hepatic Arterial, Portal Venous
Types of Non Pass Routes
Sublingual
Inhaled
But cal
Aural (Ear)
Intramuscular
Intraocular
Intranasal
Subcutaneous
What is the definition of Pharmacology?
The study or science of drugs
7 Types of Parenteral Routes
Intravenous Intramuscular Subcutaneous Intradermal Intrathecal Intro Arterial Intro Articular
Intramuscular Facts
Absorption can be increased by massaging injection site or applying heat to the site
Intramuscular injected drugs are absorbed over several hours
Specially formulated long acting intramuscular dosage forms (depot drugs) are designed for slow absorption and may be absorbed over a period of several days to months
Ie: Birth Control Patch
7 Types of Topical Routes
Nose, Eyes, Ears, Rectum, Vagina, Skin, Lungs
Topical Route Info
Slower onset of effects
Non First Pass effect
Prolonged duration of action
What’s a Transdermal Application?
Drugs delivered through an adhesive patch
What is Distribution?
The transportation of a drug in the body by the bloodstream to its action site
3 Types of Distributions:
Blood Brain Barrier
Protein Binding
Water Soluble vs Fat Soluble
4 Rapid areas of Distribution:
Brain
Liver
Kidney
Heart
3 areas of slow distribution?
Skin
Fat
Muscle
What is another name for Metabolism?
Biotransformation
What is Metabolism?
The biochemical transformation of a drug into an inactive metabolite, a soluble compound or a more potent metabolite
What is the most common place of metabolism?
Liver
Sites of Metabolism?
Liver Kidney Skeletal Muscle Plasma Lungs Intestinal Mucosa
What are the 3 end products after a drug is metabolized
More soluble compound
Inactive metabolite
More potent Metabolite
What is Half Life?
The time it takes for one half of the original amount of a drug in the body to be removed
A measure of the rate at which drugs are removed from the body
What is a “Steady State?”
The physiological state in which the amount of the drugs removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose
What is a normal amount of half lives does it take for a drug to be effectively out of your system?
5 Half Times
What’s an Onset?
The time it takes the drug to elicit a therapeutic response
What is Peak?
The time it takes the drug to reach its MAXIMUM therapeutic response
What is Duration?
The time that a drug concentration is sufficient to elicit a therapeutic response
3 Types of Pharmacodynamics
- Receptor Interactions
- Enzyme Interactions
- Nonspecific Interactions
What’s an Agonist?
A drug that binds to a receptor and elicits a response
What’s Partial Agonist?
Drug binds to the receptor but the response is diminished compared to an Agonist response
What’s an Antagonist?
Drug binds to the receptor site but there’s no response and it prevents the binding of an Agonist
What’s a Competitive Antagonist?
Drug competes with the agonist for the binding site. If it binds there’s no response
What’s a Noncompetitive Antagonist?
Drug combines with different parts of the receptor and inactivates it, thus the agonist will have no effect
Types of Pharmatherapeutics?
Acute
Maintenance
Replacement
Supportive
Palliative
Prophylactic
Empiric
What’s a Contraindication?
Any characteristic that makes any given mediation dangerous to the patient
What’s Monitoring?
The effectiveness of the drug must be evaluated
Must be familiar with the the drugs intended therapeutic action and potential adverse effects
Things to know to properly Monitor a drug on a patient
Therapeutic Index
Drug Concentration
Patient’s Condition
Interactions
Tolerance and Dependance
Adverse Drug Effects
What’s a Therapeutic Index?
The ratio between a drugs therapeutic benefits and its toxic effects
What 3 things can alter interactions or actions of a drug?
Other prescribed drugs
Over the counter medications
Natural Health products
4 Types of Drug Interactions?
Additive Effect, Synergistic Effect, Antagonistic Effect, Incompatibility
What’s an Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR)
Any reaction to a drug that is unexpected and undesirable at therapeutic drug dosages
What are the 4 general categories of ADR?
Pharmacological Reaction
Hypersensitive (Allergic) Reaction
Idiosyncratic Reaction
Drug Interaction
What’s an Idiosyncratic Reaction?
Known as Type B reactions, are drug reactions that occur rarely and unpredictably amongst the population
What is Adverse Effects?
- Predicable, well known reactions that result in little or no change in patient management
- Predictable frequency
- Related to size of dose
- Usually resolve when the drug is discontinued
3 Other Types of Drug Related Effects?
Teratogenic
Mutagenic
Carcinogenic
4 Main sources of drugs
Animal
Lab
Plant
Minerals
What is the meaning of Toxicology?
The study of positions and unwanted responses to drugs and other chemicals
What’s the Antidote for Acetaminophen?
Acetylcysteine
What’s the antidote for Benzodiazepines?
Flumazenil
What’s the antidote for B-Blockers?
Glucagon
What’s the antidote for Calcium Channel Blockers?
Intravenous Calcium
What’s the antidote for Carbon Monoxide?
Oxygen
What’s the antidote for Ethylene Glycol?
Alcohol
What’s the antidote for Heparin?
Protamine Sulfate
What’s the antidote for Iron Salts?
Deferoxamine
What’s the antidote for Opiates?
Naloxone
What’s the antidote for Warfarin?
Vitamin K
What’s the antidote for Organophosphates (Insecticides)
Atropine
What’s the antidote for Tricyclic Antidepressants
Sodium Bicarbonate
What does tetragenic mean?
Disturbs the growth and development of an embryo or fetus
What does Carcinogenic mean?
A substance or agent that cause cells to become cancerous by altering their genetic structure so they multiply continuously and become malignant.
What does Mutagenic mean?
An agent such as a chemical, uv light or radioactive element that can induce or increase the frequency of mutation in an organism.
