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Pharmacology > Pharmacological Principles > Flashcards

Pharmacological Principles Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the definition of a drug?

A

Any chemical that affects the physiological processes of a living organism

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2
Q

3 Types of Drug Name Categories

A
  1. Chemical Name
  2. Generic Name
  3. Trade Name
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3
Q

What’s a Chemical Name?

A

Name describing the drugs chemical composition and molecular structure

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4
Q

What is a Generic Name?

A

Nonproprietary Name

Name given to the drug that’s approved by Health Canada

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5
Q

What’s a Trade Name?

A

Proprietary Name

Name given to a drug that has a registered trademark and is restricted to the patent owner

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6
Q

What are the 6 Pharmacological Principles?

A 
1 Pharmaceutics
2 Pharmacokinetics
3 Pharmacodynamics
4 Pharmacotherapeutics
5 Pharmacognosy
6 Toxicity
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7
Q

Definition of Pharmaceutics

A

The study of how various dosage forms influence pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic activities

*Dosage form affects dissolution

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8
Q

What is Pharmacokinetics?

A

The study of what the body does to the drug

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9
Q

4 Types of Pharmacokinetics

A

1 Absorption
2 Distribution
3 Metabolism
4 Excretion

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10
Q

What is pharmacodynamics?

A

The study of what the drug does to the body

*The mechanism of interactions of drugs at their sites of activity

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11
Q

What is Pharmacotherapeutics?

A

The use of drugs and the clinical indications for administering drugs to prevent and treat disease

  1. Empirical Therapeutics
  2. Rational Therapeutics
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12
Q

What is Pharmacognosy?

A

The study of natural animal and plant drug sources

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13
Q

What is Bioavailability?

A

The portion of the drug that enters the circulation system when introduced into the body and is available to have an active effect

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14
Q

What is Absorption?

A

The movement of a drug from its site of administration into the bloodstream for distribution to the tissues

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15
Q

Factors that affect Absorption of a drug?

A
  1. Food of fluids taken with the drug
  2. Rate of blood flow to Sm Intestine
  3. Acidity of the stomach
  4. Dosage Formulation
  5. Absorptive Surface
  6. Status of GI motility ie. Diarrhea or constipation
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16
Q

What’s a Route?

A

A drugs route of administration. Effects the rate and extent of absorption of that drug.

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17
Q

3 Types of Routes

A

1 Parenteral
2 Topical
3 Enteral

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18
Q

What’s an Enteral Route?

A

Drug absorbed through oral or gastric mucosa or small intestine

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19
Q

Two types of oral….hee hee ;)

A

Sublingual (Under tongue)

Buccal (Cheek)

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20
Q

What’s the first pass effect?

A

The metabolism of a drug from the liver to the circulatory system

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21
Q

What form of drug administration doesn’t go through the first pass effect?

A

Parenteral

*A drug given intravenously bypasses the liver and goes directly into the the circulation system

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22
Q

4 Types of First Pass Routes?

A

Oral, Rectal, Hepatic Arterial, Portal Venous

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23
Q

Types of Non Pass Routes

A

Sublingual

Inhaled

But cal

Aural (Ear)

Intramuscular

Intraocular

Intranasal

Subcutaneous

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24
Q

What is the definition of Pharmacology?

A

The study or science of drugs

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25
Q

7 Types of Parenteral Routes

A 
Intravenous 
Intramuscular
Subcutaneous
Intradermal
Intrathecal
Intro Arterial
Intro Articular
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26
Q

Intramuscular Facts

A

Absorption can be increased by massaging injection site or applying heat to the site

Intramuscular injected drugs are absorbed over several hours

Specially formulated long acting intramuscular dosage forms (depot drugs) are designed for slow absorption and may be absorbed over a period of several days to months
Ie: Birth Control Patch

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27
Q

7 Types of Topical Routes

A

Nose, Eyes, Ears, Rectum, Vagina, Skin, Lungs

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28
Q

Topical Route Info

A

Slower onset of effects

Non First Pass effect

Prolonged duration of action

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29
Q

What’s a Transdermal Application?

A

Drugs delivered through an adhesive patch

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30
Q

What is Distribution?

A

The transportation of a drug in the body by the bloodstream to its action site

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31
Q

3 Types of Distributions:

A

Blood Brain Barrier
Protein Binding
Water Soluble vs Fat Soluble

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32
Q

4 Rapid areas of Distribution:

A

Brain
Liver
Kidney
Heart

33
Q

3 areas of slow distribution?

A

Skin
Fat
Muscle

34
Q

What is another name for Metabolism?

A

Biotransformation

35
Q

What is Metabolism?

A

The biochemical transformation of a drug into an inactive metabolite, a soluble compound or a more potent metabolite

36
Q

What is the most common place of metabolism?

A

Liver

37
Q

Sites of Metabolism?

A 
Liver
Kidney
Skeletal Muscle
Plasma
Lungs
Intestinal Mucosa
38
Q

What are the 3 end products after a drug is metabolized

A

More soluble compound
Inactive metabolite
More potent Metabolite

39
Q

What is Half Life?

A

The time it takes for one half of the original amount of a drug in the body to be removed

A measure of the rate at which drugs are removed from the body

40
Q

What is a “Steady State?”

A

The physiological state in which the amount of the drugs removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose

41
Q

What is a normal amount of half lives does it take for a drug to be effectively out of your system?

A

5 Half Times

42
Q

What’s an Onset?

A

The time it takes the drug to elicit a therapeutic response

43
Q

What is Peak?

A

The time it takes the drug to reach its MAXIMUM therapeutic response

44
Q

What is Duration?

A

The time that a drug concentration is sufficient to elicit a therapeutic response

45
Q

3 Types of Pharmacodynamics

A
  1. Receptor Interactions
  2. Enzyme Interactions
  3. Nonspecific Interactions
46
Q

What’s an Agonist?

A

A drug that binds to a receptor and elicits a response

47
Q

What’s Partial Agonist?

A

Drug binds to the receptor but the response is diminished compared to an Agonist response

48
Q

What’s an Antagonist?

A

Drug binds to the receptor site but there’s no response and it prevents the binding of an Agonist

49
Q

What’s a Competitive Antagonist?

A

Drug competes with the agonist for the binding site. If it binds there’s no response

50
Q

What’s a Noncompetitive Antagonist?

A

Drug combines with different parts of the receptor and inactivates it, thus the agonist will have no effect

51
Q

Types of Pharmatherapeutics?

A

Acute

Maintenance

Replacement

Supportive

Palliative

Prophylactic

Empiric

52
Q

What’s a Contraindication?

A

Any characteristic that makes any given mediation dangerous to the patient

53
Q

What’s Monitoring?

A

The effectiveness of the drug must be evaluated

Must be familiar with the the drugs intended therapeutic action and potential adverse effects

54
Q

Things to know to properly Monitor a drug on a patient

A

Therapeutic Index

Drug Concentration

Patient’s Condition

Interactions

Tolerance and Dependance

Adverse Drug Effects

55
Q

What’s a Therapeutic Index?

A

The ratio between a drugs therapeutic benefits and its toxic effects

56
Q

What 3 things can alter interactions or actions of a drug?

A

Other prescribed drugs

Over the counter medications

Natural Health products

57
Q

4 Types of Drug Interactions?

A

Additive Effect, Synergistic Effect, Antagonistic Effect, Incompatibility

58
Q

What’s an Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR)

A

Any reaction to a drug that is unexpected and undesirable at therapeutic drug dosages

59
Q

What are the 4 general categories of ADR?

A

Pharmacological Reaction
Hypersensitive (Allergic) Reaction
Idiosyncratic Reaction
Drug Interaction

60
Q

What’s an Idiosyncratic Reaction?

A

Known as Type B reactions, are drug reactions that occur rarely and unpredictably amongst the population

61
Q

What is Adverse Effects?

A
  • Predicable, well known reactions that result in little or no change in patient management
  • Predictable frequency
  • Related to size of dose
  • Usually resolve when the drug is discontinued
62
Q

3 Other Types of Drug Related Effects?

A

Teratogenic
Mutagenic
Carcinogenic

63
Q

4 Main sources of drugs

A

Animal
Lab
Plant
Minerals

64
Q

What is the meaning of Toxicology?

A

The study of positions and unwanted responses to drugs and other chemicals

65
Q

What’s the Antidote for Acetaminophen?

A

Acetylcysteine

66
Q

What’s the antidote for Benzodiazepines?

A

Flumazenil

67
Q

What’s the antidote for B-Blockers?

A

Glucagon

68
Q

What’s the antidote for Calcium Channel Blockers?

A

Intravenous Calcium

69
Q

What’s the antidote for Carbon Monoxide?

A

Oxygen

70
Q

What’s the antidote for Ethylene Glycol?

A

Alcohol

71
Q

What’s the antidote for Heparin?

A

Protamine Sulfate

72
Q

What’s the antidote for Iron Salts?

A

Deferoxamine

73
Q

What’s the antidote for Opiates?

A

Naloxone

74
Q

What’s the antidote for Warfarin?

A

Vitamin K

75
Q

What’s the antidote for Organophosphates (Insecticides)

A

Atropine

76
Q

What’s the antidote for Tricyclic Antidepressants

A

Sodium Bicarbonate

77
Q

What does tetragenic mean?

A

Disturbs the growth and development of an embryo or fetus

78
Q

What does Carcinogenic mean?

A

A substance or agent that cause cells to become cancerous by altering their genetic structure so they multiply continuously and become malignant.

79
Q

What does Mutagenic mean?

A

An agent such as a chemical, uv light or radioactive element that can induce or increase the frequency of mutation in an organism.

Pharmacology (6 decks)

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