Pharmacological principles

Question 1

Define the following: Atom Proton Electron Isotopes Molecule Ion Oxidation Reduction

Answer 1

Atom:

Smallest unit of an element with a nucleus containing protons and (usually neutrons) with surrounding orbiting electrons

Proton:

Stable subatomic positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom. Number of protons is the atomic number

Electron:

Stable subatomic negatively charged particle. Negligible mass

Isotopes:

Atoms of same element have different atomic weights due to different number of neutrons in nucleus

Molecule:

Smallest possible part of substance that participate in chemical reaction. electrically neutral Ion: Electrically charged particle formed by the loss/gain of more electrons from an atom

Oxidation: Chemical reaction with loss of electrons

Reductions: Chemical reaction with gain of electrons

OIL RIG

Question 2

Chemical bonds: define

Interatomic

Intermolecular

Answer 2

A chemical bond is an interaction between two similar or dissimilar atoms or molecules. Bonds are formed to make the molecule as stable as possible

Interatomic bonds:

Bonds between atoms: ionic or covalent

Ionic: electrons transferred from one atom to another (NaCl)

Covalent bonds: atoms shre electrons in their outer shell (H2O)

Intermolecular bonds:

weaker than inter atomic

Dipole: seperation of postive and negative charge

Van der Waals forces:

weak intermolecular forces caused by fluctuating dipoles that occur in non polar molecules

Question 3

Isomerism:

Define

Structural

Tautomerism

Stereoisomerism

Enantiomers

Diastereoisomerism

Geometric

Chiral centre

Optical isomerism

Racemic

Enantiopure

Answer 3

Define:

Phenomenon by which molecules of the same atomic formula have different structural arrangements

Structural isomer: Identical formular, different order of atomic bonds

Tautomerism: Dynamic interchange between molecular structure dependent on environmental conditions

Stereoisomerism: Identical chemical formulae and bond structure but different three dimentional structure

Enantiomers: single chiral centre and form non-superimposable mirror images of each other

Diastereoisomerism: more than one chiral centre: can be geometric and have more than one mirror image of each other

Geometric: two dissimilar groups attached to two atoms that in turn are linked by a double bond or ring. reduced mobility due to double bond or ring

Chiral centre: central atom bound to four dissimilar groups

Optical isomerism: differentiation of compounds by their ability to rotate polarised light in different directions

Racemic: mixture of two different enantiomers in equal proportions

Enantiopure: single enantiomer present