Pharmacological Principles

Question 1

Describe absorption that enter the bloodstream rapidly without the need for digestion or metabolism

Answer 1

Immediate Absorption

Question 2

Describe absorption patter of substances that are absorbed into bloodstream without any alteration or breakdown

Answer 2

Complete absorption

Question 3

Conditions that inhibit blood flow or perfusion
>such as peripheral vascular or cardiac disease
>can delay medication
distribution

Answer 3

Outline how certain medical conditions affecting circulation can impact the timely distribution of medications throughout the body

Question 4

Permeability of Cell Membrane

Answer 4

Ability of medication to pass through tissues and membranes to reach its target area

Question 5

What is plasma protein binding?

Answer 5

Plasma protein binding refers to medications competing for protein binding sites within bloodstream
>primarily albumin

Question 6

How does age affect medication metabolizing?

Answer 6

Infants have a limited medication metabolizing capacity

Question 7

What happens when there is an increase in some medication - metabolizing enzymes?

Answer 7

An increase in certain medication-metabolizing enzymes can metabolize a particular medication sooner
>necessitating an increase in dosage to maintain a therapeutic level.

Question 8

What is first-pass effect?

Answer 8

The first-pass effect occurs when the liver inactivates some medications during their first pass through the liver
>As a result
>these medications require a
nonenteral route (such as
sublingual or intravenous) due
to their high first-pass effect

Question 9

What happens when two medications share similar metabolic pathways?

Answer 9

When two medications share same metabolic pathway
>it can alter metabolism of one or both of them.

Question 10

How does nutritional status impact medication metabolism?

Answer 10

Clients who are malnourished may be deficient in factors necessary to produce specific medication-metabolizing enzymes
>impairing medication metabolism.

Question 11

What are agonists in pharmacology?

Answer 11

Agonists are medications that bind to or mimic receptor activity regulated by endogenous compounds.

Question 12

Define antagonists in pharmacology

Answer 12

Antagonists are medications that can block the usual receptor activity regulated by endogenous compounds or the receptor activity of other medications

Question 13

What are partial agonists in pharmacology?

Answer 13

Partial agonists act as both agonists and antagonists
>with limited affinity to receptor sites

Question 14

What does “sublingual” mean?

Answer 14

“Sublingual” refers to administering a medication by placing it under the tongue

Question 15

What does “buccal” mean?

Answer 15

“Buccal” refers to administering a medication between the cheek and gum

Question 16

What does “subcutaneous” mean?

Answer 16

“Subcutaneous” refers to administering small doses of nonirritating water-soluble medications
>such as insulin and heparin
>into the layer of tissue just
below the skin.

Question 17

What size and gauge needle is typically recommended for subcutaneous injections?

Answer 17

A 3/8- to 5/8-inch needle with a 25- to 31-gauge is commonly recommended for subcutaneous injections

Question 18

Which sites are suitable for subcutaneous injections due to having an adequate fat-pad size?

Answer 18

> Abdomen
upper hips
lateral upper arms
thighs
are suitable sites for subcutaneous injections because they have an adequate fat-pad size

Question 19

What technique is recommended for subcutaneous injections in average-size clients?

Answer 19

For average-size clients
>the recommended technique is to pinch up the skin and inject at a 45 to 90-degree angle

Question 20

When is the intramuscular route typically used?

Answer 20

The intramuscular route is typically used for administering irritating medications
>solutions in oils
>aqueous suspensions

Question 21

What are the most common sites for intramuscular injections?

Answer 21

The most common sites for intramuscular injections are the >ventrogluteal
>deltoid,
>vastus lateralis (in pediatric patients)

Question 22

What needle size and angle are typically recommended for intramuscular injections?

Answer 22

For intramuscular injections
>a needle size of 18- to 25-gauge
>5/8 to 1.5 inches long is
recommended
>the injection should be given
at a 90-degree angle

Question 23

Factors affecting rate of medication metabolism that results in a increased dosage.

Answer 23

Increased renal excretion, Elevated medication-metabolizing enzymes, peripheral vascular disease

Question 24

Factors affecting rate of medication metabolism that results in a decreased dosage

Answer 24

Liver failure, Concurrent medications using same metabolism pathway, malnourishment

Question 25

What action should a nurse take to obtain a trough level of a client’s medication?

Answer 25

Obtain a blood specimen immediately prior to administering the next dose of medication

Question 26

How many times per day should a nurse expect to administer phenobarbital, which has a long half-life of 4 days, for a client with a seizure disorder?

Answer 26

One