Pharmacological Principles

Question 1

Absorption Definition

Answer 1

Transmission from location of administrations bloodstream

Question 2

Rate of Absorption

Answer 2

How soon medication will take effect

Question 3

Amount of Absorption

Answer 3

How much the body absorbs determines intensity of effects

Question 4

Route of Administration

Answer 4

Affects the rate and amount of absorption

Question 5

Oral- barriers of absorption

Answer 5

Must pass through the layer of epithelial cells of GO tract

Question 6

Oral- absorption pattern

Answer 6

• Varies due to:
• stability and solubility
• GI pH
• presents of food
• other meds
• forms of meds

Question 7

Sublingual Barriers

Answer 7

Swallowing before dissolution allows gastric pH to inactivate medication

Question 8

Sublingual Absorption pattern

Answer 8

Quick- highly vascular membranes

Question 9

Rectal/Vaginal Barriers of Absorption

Answer 9

Presence of stool or infectious material limits tissue contact

Question 10

Vaginal/Rectal Absorption Pattern

Answer 10

Easy Absorption

Question 11

Inhalation Barriers to Absorption

Answer 11

Inspiratory effort

Question 12

Topical Absorption Barriers

Answer 12

Close proximity to cells

Question 13

Inhalation Absorption Pattern

Answer 13

Rapid through alveolar capillary

Question 14

TopicL Absorption Pattern

Answer 14

Slow-gradual

Primarily effects local

Question 15

Sub-Q - IM Barriers to Absorption

Answer 15

No significant barriers

Question 16

SubQ/IM Absorption Pattern

Answer 16

• Highly soluble in water
• High blood perfusion sites- rapid absorption
• Low blood perfusion- low absorption

Question 17

IV Barriers to Absorption

Answer 17

No barriers

Question 18

IV Absorption Pattern

Answer 18

Immediate- directly into blood stream

Complete- reaches blood entirely

Question 19

Distribution

Answer 19

Transportation of medication to sites of action by bodily fluids

Question 20

Factors Affecting Distribution

Answer 20

• Circulation: low circulation delays distribution
• Permeability of cell: medication must be able to pass through
• Plasma Protein Binding: ability of medication binding to a protein affects how much medication will leave and travel to target tissue

Question 21

Metabolism

Answer 21

Changes medication into less active or inactive forms

*primarily in liver

Question 22

Factors Affecting Metabolism

Answer 22

Age

Increase in medication-metabolizing enzyme: metabolizes sooner, therefore higher dose required

First-pass effect: liver inactivated on first pass, therefore requires alternate route

Similar metabolic pathways: leads to medication accumulation

Nutritional status

Question 23

Metabolism Outcome

Answer 23

Increased renal excretion

Inactivate of medication

Increased therapeutic effect

Activation of pro-meds

Decreased toxicity: active form becomes inactive

Increased toxicity: inactive forms become active

Question 24

Excretion

Answer 24

Elimination of medication

Primarily in kidneys

Watch BUN & Craatine w/kidney dysfunction: increase duration and Intensity

Question 25

Therapeutic Range

Answer 25

When the medication is effective and not toxic

Question 26

Half-Life

Answer 26

Time of medication in body to drop by 50%

Question 27

Short half-life

Answer 27

Leave body quick

4-8 hours

Question 28

Long half-life

Answer 28

Leave body slowly

24+ hours

Risk accumulation and toxicity

Question 29

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 29

Interactions between medication and target

Question 30

Agonists

Answer 30

Bind to or mimic receptor activity

Question 31

Antagonists

Answer 31

Block receptor activity

Question 32

Partial agonists

Answer 32

Agonists and antagonists