Pharmacologic Principles

Question 1

Drug

Answer 1

any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism

Question 2

Pharmacology

Answer 2

• study or science of drugs

- encompasses a variety of principles

Question 3

Pharmaceutics

Answer 3

• the study of how various drug forms influence the way in which the drug affects the body
• dissolution-dissolving of solid dosage forms and their absorption
• different drug dosage forms have different pharmaceutical properties
• dosage form determines drug dissolution rate

Question 4

Enteral Route

Answer 4

-the drug is absorbed into the systemic circulation through the oral or gastric mucosa or the small intestine (oral, sublingual, buccal, rectal)

Question 5

Parenteral Route

Answer 5

IV, IM, sub Q, Intradermal, Intraarterial, Intrathecal, Intraarticular

Question 6

Topical Route

Answer 6

skin, eyes, ears, nose, lungs, rectum, vagina

Question 7

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 7

the study of what the body does to the drug

absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

Question 8

Absorption

Answer 8

• bioavailability

- first pass effect

Question 9

Distribution

Answer 9

• transport of a drug by the bloodstream to its site of action
• albumin is the most common blood protein and carries the majority of protein-bound drug molecules

Question 10

Metabolism

Answer 10

biotransformation

• biochemical alteration of a drug into an inactive metabolite, a more soluble compound, a more potent active metabolite (as in the conversion of an inactive prodrug to its active form), or a less active metabolite
• Cytochrome P-450 enzymes also known as microsomal enzymes
• Lipophilic “fat loving”
• Hydrophilic “water loving”
• enzymes

Question 11

Excretion

Answer 11

• elimination of drugs from the body
• renal excretion
• biliary excretion
• bowel excretion

Question 12

Half life

Answer 12

time required for half of a given drug to be removed from the body

• measures the rate at which the drug is eliminated from the body
• after approximately five half-lives, most drugs are considered to be effectively removed from the body

Question 13

Peak level

Answer 13

highest blood level

Question 14

Trough level

Answer 14

lowest blood level

Question 15

What happens if the peak blood level is too high?

Answer 15

Drug toxicity may occur

Question 16

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 16

the study of what the drug does to the body

• The mechanism of drug actions in living tissues
• Therapeutic effect
• Mechanism of action
• Drug-receptor relationships
• enzymes
• nonselective interactions

Question 17

Pharmacotherapeutics

Answer 17

-the clinical use of drugs to prevent and treat diseases

Question 18

Tolerance

Answer 18

decreasing response to repeated drug doses

Question 19

Dependence

Answer 19

physiologic or psychological need for a drug

Question 20

Physical dependence

Answer 20

physiologic need for a drug to avoid physical withdrawal symptoms

Question 21

Psychological dependence

Answer 21

known as addiction and is the obsessive desire for the euphoric effects of a drug

Question 22

Toxicology

Answer 22

-science of adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms

Question 23

Pharmacognosy

Answer 23

the study of natural drug sources

Question 24

Pharmacoeconomics

Answer 24

study of the economic factors influencing the cost of drug therapy