Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics

Question 1

pharmacokinetics

Answer 1

interaction of body and drug

Question 2

4 stages of medication through body

Answer 2

• absorption = site administered to bodys circulation
• distribution = med spread thoughout body
• metabolism = breakdown of drug
• excretion = body eliminates waste

Question 3

pharmacodynamics

Answer 3

effects of drugs in body/mechanism of action

Question 4

bioavailability

Answer 4

how drugs work and amount left in bloodstream

Question 5

pharmacogenetics

Answer 5

how peoples genes affect response to meds

Question 6

common routes of drug administration

Answer 6

• oral
• enteral = to GI tract (ex. nasogastric tube)
• rectal
• intranasal
• inhalation
• intramuscular
• subcutaneous = fat tissue
• transdermal = skin
• intravenous

Question 7

first-pass effect

Answer 7

• oral/enteric meds deactivated by enzymes (liver) while passing thru stomach duodenum
• several doses needed to be effective

Question 8

absorption life span considerations (neonate/pediatric)

Answer 8

• acid-producing cells of stomach immature
• slow peristalsis
• liver immature, decrease first pass effect

Question 9

absorption life span considerations (older adult)

Answer 9

• decrease blood flow, circulation, cardiac output
• less body fat
• changes in gatric (stomach) pH, plasma proteins

Question 10

distribution of drug dependent on

Answer 10

• blood flow
• tissue differences (high blood flow in lungs, kidneys, liver, brain)
• protein binding
• blood-brain barrier (meds for CNS) = lipids or w/carrier get thru
• placental barrier (protect fetus)

Question 11

distribution lifespan considerations (neonate/pediatric)

Answer 11

• less fat due to more total body water
• less protein binding capacity
• developing BBB allows more drugs

Question 12

distribution lifespan considerations (older adult)

Answer 12

• less total body water/muscle mass
• more body fat = meds take longer to act
• more free drugs in body
• need lower levels of meds

Question 13

dosages calculated by

Answer 13

ability of liver to metabolize and kidney to excrete

Question 14

biotransformations

Answer 14

• phase I = modification
• phase II = conjugation

-phase III = additional modification and excretion

Question 15

prodrug

Answer 15

• transformation from original drug
• have own chemical activities
• might avoid side effects/toxicities by design

Question 16

most important enzymes for metabolizing

Answer 16

• monoamine oxidase
• cytochrome P450

Question 17

enzyme induction

Answer 17

tolerance

Question 18

excipient

Answer 18

substance that holds pill form (generic meds)

Question 19

steady state

Answer 19

drug amount entering = drug amount exiting = stable concentration

Question 20

efficacy

Answer 20

ability to produce desired/intended result

Question 21

therapeutic index

Answer 21

measurement safety of drug

drug amount producing therapeutic vs toxic effect

Question 22

titrate

Answer 22

adjusted for safety

Question 23

potency

Answer 23

amount of drug needed for desired effect

Question 24

selectivity

Answer 24

how easy/quick drug targets cells to produce desired effect

Question 25

pregnancy risk categories

Answer 25

A = yes pregnant no risk

B = yes animal no risk/no pregnant or yes animal yes risk/yes pregnant no risk

C = yes animal yes risk/no pregnant or no animal/no pregnant

D = yes pregnant yes risk/but therapy

X = yes animal yes pregnant both risk, dont use

NA = no rating